Statistics Essay Example Downdload Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2592 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Using the crime survey of England and Wales, examine how experience of crime affects citizens opinions of the criminal justice system. What demographic factors influence the relationship between experience of crime and rating of the criminal justice system? Introduction: In order to answer the question posed, the following analysis is split in to three sections. Firstly, Section 1 presents an initial inspection of the variables in the dataset. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Statistics Essay Example Downdload Free" essay for you Create order A statistical modelling procedure is then proposed in Section 2 in order to address which variables affect citizen’s opinions of the criminal justice system. Appropriate conclusions are then drawn in Section 3. Section 1: Description of the data 1.1: Variables in the dataset The crime survey of England and Wales provided data for 35371 individuals. There is a clear problem with missing data in the dataset, which will be investigated in due course and discussed in detail in Section 2. The variables in the dataset can be grouped in to three types for this analysis: (1) Demographic factors: Sex: categorical variable Age: continuous variable Marital status: categorical variable Respondent Social Class: categorical variable Type of area: categorical variable (2) Variables relating to citizen’s opinions of the criminal justice system, such as: How confident are you that the Criminal Justice System as a whole is effective? (4 level ordinal categorical variable ranging from â€Å"very confident† to â€Å"not at all confident†) (3) Variable relating to citizen’s experience of crime: Experience of any crime in the previous 12 months? Categorical variable 1.2: Inspection of the data As a starting point, some initial inspections of the data were conducted by assessing variables on an individual basis. Of the 35371 individuals, there were 16176 males and 19195 females, as shown in Table 1. Hence there were no missing values for the sex variable. Table 1: Gender frequencies in the crime survey of England and Wales Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Male 16176 45.7 45.7 45.7 Female 19195 54.3 54.3 100.0 Total 35371 100.0 100.0 For the continuous age variable, ages ranged from 16 to 99. There was a small percentage of individuals who did not give their age (0.33%), thus these responses are missing. See Section 2 for more details on missing values. Only 61 of the 35371 individuals did not provide their marital status (0.17%). Similar to the age variable, this percentage appears to not be meaningful. Table 2 shows the marital status frequencies in each of the 8 categories. The frequencies in the â€Å"same-sex civil partnership and living with partner† category and the bottom two categories in Table 2 (all highlighted in bold) are small in comparison to the others. For the modelling procedure in Section 2, it is of benefit to have sufficiently large counts in each of the categories and to have a smaller number of categories. Consequently, the categories were combined in a relevant way. The â€Å"same-sex civil partnership and living with partner† category was combined with the marri ed category. Similarly, the â€Å"SPONTANEOUS ONLY separated but legally in same-sex civil partnership† was combined with the separated category. Finally, the â€Å"SPONTANEOUS ONLY surviving civil partner† was combined with the widowed category. In other words, categories that relate to civil partnerships had to be combined with the corresponding same-sex partnerships due to small counts. Table 3 gives frequencies for the new marital status variable. Individuals who are either single or married account for nearly 75% of the dataset. This new marital status variable is used in the modelling procedure of Section 2 and is referred to as â€Å"MaritalStatusNew† from now on. The respondent social class categorical variable had a very large number of categories, therefore making interpretations difficult. Clearly there are too many categories for it to be considered as a categorical variable in a statistical model in Section 2. Although an attempt could be ma de to try and group the categories in to a much smaller number, this was not deemed sensible. This is because results in Section 2 could potentially differ drastically depending on the groupings chosen. In addition, 1765 individuals did not state their social class (4.99%). Given all these points, this variable was not considered further in Section 2. The type of area variable had no missing values with 27585 individuals (77.99%) stating that they live in an urban area and 7786 (22.01%) individuals stating that they live in a rural area. Table 2: Marital status frequencies in the crime survey of England and Wales Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Single 10513 29.7 29.8 29.8 Married and living with husband/wife 15657 44.3 44.3 74.1 In a same-sex civil partnership and living with partner 90 .3 .3 74.4 Separated 1273 3.6 3.6 78.0 Divorced 3936 11.1 11.1 89.1 Widowed 3818 10.8 10.8 99.9 Separated but legally in same-sex civil partnership 18 .1 .1 100.0 Surviving civil partner 5 .0 .0 100.0 Total 35310 99.8 100.0 Missing System 61 0.2 Total 35371 100.0 Table 3: Marital status frequencies (with combined categories) in the crime survey of England and Wales Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Single 10513 29.7 29.8 29.8 Married 15747 44.5 44.6 74.4 Separated 1291 3.6 3.7 78.0 Divorced 3936 11.1 11.1 89.2 Widowed 3823 10.8 10.8 100.0 Total 35310 99.8 100.0 Missing System 61 .2 Total 35371 100.0 The five variables relating to citizens opinions of the criminal justice system (type 2 in Section 1.1) have large proportions of missing values, as shown in Table 4. Table 4: Frequencies for citizen’s opinions of the criminal justice system How confident are you that the police are effective at catching criminals? How confident are you that the Crown Prosecution Service is effective at prosecuting people accused of committing a crime? How confident are you that prisons are effective at rehabilitating offenders who have been convicted of a crime? How confident are you that the probation service is effective at preventing criminals from re-offending? How confident are you that the Criminal Justice System as a whole is effective? Valid 17727 16892 16145 15193 17452 Missing 17644 18479 19226 20178 17919 Given the nature of the question, attention is focused on the â€Å"How confident are you that the Criminal Justice System as a whole is effective?† variable, which will be referred to as â€Å"CJSopinion† from now on. This is because interest lies in determining which variables affect citizen’s opinions of the criminal justice system generally rather than any specific aspects of it. A more detailed analysis would also focus on the other four variables. The CJSopinion variable will therefore be the dependent variable in Section 2. The consequences of the 17919 missing values (50.66%) are discussed in detail in Section 2. Table 5: How confident are you that the Criminal Justice System as a whole is effective (CJSopinion)? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Very confident 573 1.6 3.3 3.3 Fairly confident 7556 21.4 43.3 46.6 Not very confident 7164 20.3 41.0 87.6 Not at all confident 2159 6.1 12.4 100.0 Total 17452 49.3 100.0 Refusal 2 .0 Dont know 779 2.2 System 17138 48.5 Total 17919 50.7 Total 35371 100.0 The final variable to consider is the variable relating to individuals experience of crime. This variable had no missing values with 29819 individuals (84.30%) stating that they had not been a victim of crime in the last 12 months. This variable will be referred to as â€Å"ExperienceOfCrime† from now on. Section 2: Modelling the data 2.1: Potential approaches Based on Section 1.2, CJSopinion is chosen as the dependent variable with sex, age, MaritalStatusNew, type of area and experience of crime as the independent variables. The continuous variable age is mean centered to aid interpretability. There are a number of modelling based methods that one may consider in order to determine which of the independent variables significantly affect citizen’s opinions of the criminal justice system. For example: (1) Linear regression with CJSopinion as the dependent variable and sex, age, MaritalStatusNew, type of area and experience of crime as the independent variables. (2) Multinomial logistic regression with CJSopinion as the dependent variable and the same independent variables as (1). (3) Ordinal logistic regression with CJSopinion as the dependent variable and the same independent variables as (1). Approach (1) relies upon the assumption that the dependent variable is truly continuous and the intervals between consecuti ve values are equal, both of which are questionable for this case. Approach (2) is an acceptable approach but it does not exploit the fact that the dependent variable in this case is ordinal. Approach (3) is the preferred approach since it exploits the fact that the dependent variable is truly ordinal. In contrast to traditional logistic regression approaches, the ordinal approach in SPSS is based upon the logit of the cumulative probabilities. SPSS uses the proportional odds form of this model. The reader is referred to Agresti (2013, chapter 8.2) for more details. 2.2 Missing data and checking the adequacy of the model As detailed in Section 1.2, the dataset contains missing values on both the dependent and the marital status independent variable. The problem is of more concern for the dependent variable since 50.66% of the values were missing. The ordinal regression procedure in SPSS only allows for the listwise deletion method of dealing with missing data. The listwise deletion method deletes all the observations for any individual who has any missing values on either the independent or dependent variables. Despite this, listwise deletion still leaves 17427 individuals who have no missing values on any of the dependent or independent variables. However, listwise deletion is a strong assumption that relies on the missingness being random. The assumption was deemed to be acceptable for this dataset, the details of which are given in Section. More details on missing data are given in Agresti (2013, p. 471) and Little and Rubin (2002). Prior to running the ordinal regression model in SPSS it is important to make sure that there are no low cell counts for combinations of the dependent variable with each of the categorical independent variables in the dataset (for the individuals with no missing values). Crosstabs of the dependent variable against each of sex, MaritalStatusNew, type of area and experience of crime were assessed. All the counts were sufficiently large, thus the model was deemed acceptable to be run in SPSS. The proportional odds model also assumes a proportional odds assumption. This means that the model assumes the same regression effects for each cumulative logit (Agresti, 2013). This can be assessed in SPPS, as detailed in Section 2.3. 2.3 Ordinal logistic regression in SPSS In order to address the first part of the research question: â€Å"Examine how experience of crime affects citizens opinions of the criminal justice system†, an ordinal logistic regression was run in SPSS with the dependent variable CJSopinion and independent variable experience of crime. For the dependent variable, â€Å"not at all confident† is treated as the baseline and for experience of crime, â€Å"not a victim of crime† is treated as the baseline. Ordinal logistic regression can be performed in SPSS by selecting the Analyze tab then Regression and then ordinal, as shown below. CJSopinion is then entered as the dependent variable and experience of crime as the single independent variable in the factor(s) box. In order to test the proportional odds assumption, the test of parallel lines tick box should be checked on the output tab, as shown below: The key part of the SPSS output is the parameter estimates. These are shown in the table be low. Table 6: Parameter estimates for the proportional odds model (no demographic variables) Estimate Std. Error Wald df Sig. [CJSopinion = very confident=1] -3.341 .043 6092.466 1 .000 [CJSopinion = fairly confident=2] -.090 .016 30.468 1 .000 [CJSopinion = not very confident=3] 2.010 .024 6975.842 1 .000 [ExperienceOfCrime=victim of crime=1] .301 .039 59.541 1 .000 [ExperienceOfCrime = not a victim of crime=0] 0a . . 0 . The model has three intercept parameters (one for each cumulative logit) and these are labelled thresholds in the parameter estimates. These parameters are not usually of interest unless interest lies in calculating response probabilities (Agresti, 2013). Attention is therefore focused on the location part of the parameter estimates. The experience of crime variable is statistically significant since the p value in the Sig column is 0.001. In order to interpret the coefficient, we can say that the odds of being less than or equal to a given value of the dependent variable are exp(0.301)=1.35 times greater for those who have been a victim of crime than those who are not a victim of crime. For example, for the lowest category of the dependent variable, the odds of being very confident in the criminal justice system are 1.35 times greater for those have been a victim of crime than those who have not been a victim of crime. The proportional odds assumption was found to be sa tisfied since the p-value in the sig column is not less than 0.05 (at the 5% significance level). The SPSS output is shown below. Table 7: Test of Parallel Linesa Model -2 Log Likelihood Chi-Square df Sig. Null Hypothesis 49.120 General 49.032 .087 2 .957 The next stage is to add the demographic variables in to the model. The table below shows the parameter estimates for this case. Table 8: Parameter estimates for the proportional odds model (with demographic variables) Estimate Std. Error Wald df Sig. [cjsovb1 = 1] -3.323 .060 3099.016 1 .000 [cjsovb1 = 2] -.063 .045 1.967 1 .161 [cjsovb1 = 3] 2.051 .048 1808.076 1 .000 AgeMeanCentered .008 .001 66.790 1 .000 [sex=Male] -.009 .029 .102 1 .749 [sex=Female] 0a . . 0 . [Type of area=urban -.028 .035 .667 1 .414 [Type of area=rural] 0a . . 0 . [MaritalStatusNew=Widowed] -.296 .065 20.602 1 .000 [MaritalStatusNew=Divorced] .230 .054 17.951 1 .000 [MaritalStatusNew=Separated] .080 .081 .975 1 .323 [MaritalStatusNew=Married] .110 .038 8.198 1 .004 [MaritalStatusNew=Single] 0a . . 0 . [ExperienceOfCrime=victim of crime=1] .357 .040 81.390 1 .000 [ExperienceOfCrime = not a victim of crime=0] 0a . . 0 . The experience of crime variable remains significant after the inclusion of the demographic variables with similar conclusions to before. The continuous variable age is significant. In order to interpret this variable, we can say that for a one unit increase in age, the odds of being very confident are exp(0.008)=1.008 times greater (holding other variables constant). For marital status, the odds of being very confident in the criminal justice system are exp(0.296)=1.34 times greater for those who are single than those who are widowed (holding other variables constant). In addition, the odds of being very confident in the criminal justice system are exp(0.230)=1.26 times greater for those who are divorced than those who are single(holding other variables constant). Similarly, the odds of being very confident in the criminal justice system are exp(0.110)=1.12 times greater for those who are married than those who are single (holding other variables constant). Type of area an d sex were non-significant. The proportional odds assumption was found to not be satisfied for this model since the p-value was less than 0.05. Rather than rejecting the model outright, Agresti (2013, page 307) recommends performing separate binary logistic regressions (by collapsing over the levels of the ordinal response) and comparing the parameter estimates obtained to those from the original proportional odds model. For this model, the estimates were not found to differ drastically so the assumption was deemed to be viable. 2.4 Assessing the listwise deletion of missing values SPSS only allows for listwise deletion of missing values when conducting ordinal regression. However, traditional linear regression techniques in SPSS allow for alternative methods for dealing with missing values. It is acknowledged that the use of traditional regression methods for an ordinal response is more questionable and open to debate. However, the same conclusions with regards to which variables are significant are obtained by treating the response as continuous as opposed to ordinal. Table 9: Parameter estimates for the linear regression model (with demographic variables) Parameter B Std. Error t Sig. Intercept 2.595 .017 149.591 .000 [sex=Male] -.003 .011 -.258 .796 [sex=Female] 0a . . . [Type of area=urban -.013 .014 -.933 .351 [Type of area=rural] 0a . . . [MaritalStatusNew=Widowed] -.114 .025 -4.499 .000 [MaritalStatusNew=Divorced] .092 .021 4.304 .000 [MaritalStatusNew=Separated] .029 .032 .920 .357 [MaritalStatusNew=Married] .044 .015 2.958 .003 [MaritalStatusNew=Single] 0a . . . [ExperienceOfCrime=victim of crime=1] .139 .015 8.982 .000 AgeMeanCentered .003 .000 8.191 .000 The same conclusions were also obtained when alternative methods were chosen for dealing with the missing values (pairwise deletion and mean substitution) thus giving more confidence in the results obtained for the original proportional odds regression model in Table 8. 3 Conclusions To conclude, the results of Section 2.3 indicate that experience of crime significantly affects citizen’s overall opinion of the criminal justice system. This was true before and after accounting for other relevant demographic variables. After accounting for other variables, the odds of being very confident in the criminal justice system were 1.43 times greater for those who have been a victim of crime than those who had not. Age and marital status were also found to significantly affect citizen’s overall opinions of the criminal justice system. Gender and whether the area was urban or rural were not found to affect citizen’s overall opinion of the criminal justice system. References: Agresti, A. (2013). Categorical Data Analysis, 3rd edition. New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Little, R. J. and Rubin, D.B. (2002). Statistical Analysis with Missing Data, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Manufacturing Problems Within China And China - 1784 Words

Manufacturing Problems in China Manufacturing is by definition a way to create a product on a wide range scale using advanced machinery. With that said it should be evident enough that manufacturing and the industry itself is a big part of our world. This fact alone, it should be able to illustrate enough that manufacturing has helped everything from countries to governments to even individuals grow and make a profit off of making goods while making them in a fast, large quantity for cheap in order to provide goods for many people across the world. This comes at a heavy cost however , since the resources, labor and sacrifice needed to make these goods in a fast while efficient way is costly not only to our environment but to the public†¦show more content†¦However this comes at the cost of being one of the biggest polluters in our world today but while this does affect us in a big way, it horribly affects the public health the Chinese people greatly. Most notably the atmosph ere, In fact according to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, China is leading the world in Carbon dioxide emissions with over 9 million in metric tons of CO2 being released by china in the air in 2011 compared to the United States which had about a little over 5 million metric tons (UN). With that fact in mind one can only imagine how bad the air quality is in cities due to many manufacturing plants letting out many dangerous chemicals out into the air for the public to end up breathing up. According to an article of The New York Times, a paper done by a research organization named Berkeley Earth reported that about the three out of eight of the air the Chinese population breathes is rated unhealthy with the report also finding that the most deadly air particles cause an array of diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, heart related illnesses while also causing strokes. (Levin) Consequently the manufacturing do even more than just threaten public health, they affects the country s natural resources negatively that they need so urgently. For example the manufacturers in the Chinese textile industry are considered one of the biggest polluters. However the industry in particular are mostly

Thesis Shifter free essay sample

Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer the following questions: a. What is the effect of the work of the working students in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan to their studies? b. What are the reasons why a student of College of Business Administration in the University of the East– Caloocan needs to work while he or she studies? c. How do they manage their time between studies and work? d. What are the kinds of work that a working student in the College of Business Administration have? . What are the problems of a working student in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan encountered while he or she studies? Scope and Delimitation This study focused only to all level of students in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East that are already working. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis Shifter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This study focused only on the work and study habits of the students, on how they manage their time and the effects of their work to their studies. The personal life of the students do not belong to this study. This study emphasized the solution to the problems of the working students in the University of the East – Caloocan. Significance of the Study This study is important to the following: Students To know how the working student manage or balance their time between studies and work Professors To put railings on their student, to help and give considerations to the working students Administrators To grant an additional program for all working students in the University of the East – Caloocan Parents To support their children, not only in financial support but also in moral support Definition of Terms Budget- list of expenses Night Classes – class hours during night time Night Differential Pay – additional income for those who work at night Night Shift – working hours during night time Scholar – students who can study for free because of their high grades Scholarship – free education for those students who got the required grades Shifter – a person who can cope with the change of working hours, either night or day time Students Assistant – students working in school for free education Time Management – right scheduling of time for different activities Working Students – students who are working while studying CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature Foreign LEARNING AND EARNING: WORKING IN COLLEGE Jonathan M. Orszag, Peter R. Orszag, and Diane M. Whitmore Commissioned by Upromise, Inc. , August 2001 and reproduced with permission of Upromise Students are increasingly likely to work while in college. Since 1984, the fraction of college students aged 16 to 24 who also work full- or part-time has increased from 49 to 57 percent. Not only are students more likely to work today, but they are more likely to work full-time: the share of students working full-time while going to school full-time has nearly doubled, rising from 5. percent in 1985 to 10. 4 percent in 2000. In 2000, 828,000 full-time students worked full-time, compared to 366,000 in 1985. Working students can be categorized into two groups: those who primarily identify themselves as students but who work in order to pay the bills, and those who are first and foremost workers who also take some college classes. Almost two-thirds of un dergraduates who work consider themselves students who work; the other third consider themselves workers who study. In the 1995-96 school year, employed students worked an average of 25 hours per week. Students at four-year colleges are more likely to work a smaller number of hours per week. On average, working college students earn roughly $7. 50 per hour. The empirical evidence suggests that the effects of working while in college varies by the type of job held (e. g. , full-time vs. part-time work) and its relation to the academic environment (e. g. , an on-campus vs. an off-campus job). Part-time student employment may have beneficial effects: for example, an on-campus research position may spark a students interest in further academic programs or provide important work experience that will improve future labor market prospects. Working part-time as a student generally appears to supplant only non-productive activities, such as watching television. In addition, students who work fewer than 10 hours per week have slightly higher GPAs than other similar students. However, full-time employment may impair student performance. For example, 55 percent of those students working 35 or more hours per week report that work has a negative effect on their studies. Students working full-time also reported the following liabilities: 40 percent report that work limits their class schedule; 36 percent report it reduces their class choices; 30 percent report it limits the number of classes they take; and 26 percent report it limits access to the library. Students who work full-time are also more likely to drop out of school. For example, the available evidence is consistent with a roughly 10 percentage point differential in graduation rates between full-time and part-time workers. In 2000, nearly 830,000 full-time college students worked full-time. Because of the adverse effects of such full-time work, tens of thousands of these college students are likely to drop out of school and fail to receive a college degree. Working a limited number of hours (e. g. , 10 hours a week) at an on-campus job appears to have positive impacts on student performance, while working a significant number of hours (e. g. , 35 hours or more per week) has adverse consequences. It is unclear at what point student employment moves from being beneficial to being counterproductive. But the difference between graduating from college and not graduating from college may involve a change in work schedules that would have a modest impact on student earnings relative to the lifetime gains from completing college. For example, reducing hours worked by 10 hours (from 35 hours per week to 25 hours per week) would reduce a students annual earnings during the school year by roughly $2,250. Such potential earnings pale in comparison to the lifetime gains from completing college. Since full-time work appears to have negative effects on student enrollment rates and perhaps also on academic performance, it is therefore of particular concern that full-time work among full-time college students has risen sharply over the past 15 years. For these students, the research suggests that, if possible, it may be prudent to find other ways of financing college so they can complete their degrees, maintain their academic performance levels, and thereby reap the long-term benefits of a college education. LEARNING AND EARNING: WORKING IN COLLEGE Jonathan M. Orszag, Peter R. Orszag, and Diane M. Whitmore1 August 2001 The financial burden of college tuition is significant and rising. In light of the increasing price of college, many families are facing significant challenges in financing their childrens education. 2 The evidence shows that as one response to the financial burden of college tuition, students are working more while in college. Over 60 percent of college students report that their parents now expect them to work during the school year to help cover expenses. 3 More students are working, and more are working longer hours. Today, more than half of college students have a job. In 1999, on average, working students earned roughly $7. 50 per hour. These earnings undoubtedly help to alleviate some of families financial struggle to pay for college in the short run. But the extent of working while in college raises important questions. In particular, what is the overall effect of work? Does it have a beneficial effect in the long run by building discipline and a strong work ethic in students, or does it have a deleterious effect by diverting students efforts from schoolwork? The evidence suggests that the answers depend on how much a student works and what type of job she has. Characteristics of Student Employment An increasing number of students work while in college. Since 1984, the fraction of college students aged 16 to 24 who also work full- or part-time has increased from 49 to 57 percent. 4 The share of full-time college students working has also increased; in October 2000, a majority of full-time college students was employed. Figure 1 displays the increase in employment rate among college students. Not only are students more likely to work today, but the share of students working full-time while going to school full-time also has increased dramatically. The percentage of full-time college students working full-time has nearly doubled, rising from 5. 6 percent in 1985 to 10. 4 percent in 2000 (see Table 1). 5 The data indicate that the increase in the employment rate is largely due to increases in work among full-time college students; the share of part-time college students working has remained relatively constant over the past 15 years. The Department of Education undertook a special survey during the 1995-96 school year to provide an in-depth picture of how undergraduates finance college through work. Working students can be categorized into two groups: those who primarily identify themselves as students but who work in order to pay the bills, and those who are first and foremost workers who also take some college classes. According to the survey, almost two-thirds of undergraduates who work considered themselves students who work, while about a third considered themselves workers who study. 7 The average number of hours worked by students during the school year varies by the type of institution and by whether the student is part-time or full-time. As Table 2 shows, in the 1995-96 school year, employed students worked an average of 25 hours per week. About one-quarter of students work 35 or more hours per week, and another quarter of students work 15 hours or less. Students at four-year colleges are more likely to work a smaller number of hours per week; over one-third of such students work fewer than 15 hours. On average, working college students earn roughly $7. 50 per hour. 8 Although hourly earnings vary somewhat for college students, three-quarters earned less than $8. 00 per hour in 1999. More than one-third of students earn within $1. 00 of the minimum wage. Table 3 also shows that part-time college students earn more per hour (on average) than full-time college students. The majority of students who work also receive financial aid to attend college. As Table 4 shows, 56 percent of workers receive some other type of aid in the form of grants or loans. Nearly 70 percent of students who work 15 hours or fewer also receive another form of financial aid. Students who work more hours per week are less likely to be recipients of financial aid. Local Congress broadens job opportunities for students (The Philippine Star) Updated October 09, 2000 12:00 AM| The House of Representatives passed on second reading a measure that will give wider employment opportunities to the country’s working students, Speaker Manny Villar said yesterday. The Special Program for Employment of Students, authored by Bohol Rep. Ernesto Herrera, aims to broaden the present SPES to benefit more students. Villar says that the bill lessens the employment size of participating establishments from those employing at least 50 persons to those employing more than 10 persons. It likewise seeks to adjust the income requirement for coverage under the law based on the annual national poverty threshold line for a family of six as may be determined by the National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB). The objective is to help more students by ensuring part-time employment so they can fund their studies, said Villar, a former fish vendor who put himself through school. The Speaker points out that the SPES, which is on its seventh year of implementation, has helped numerous students finish their studies. We hope to improve on the program to make it more efficient, effective and responsive to the present economic conditions, he said. The bill also seeks to provide students employed in activities related to their courses with equivalent academic credits as may be determined by appropriate government agencies. Villar points out that once passed into law, the proposal will benefit poor Filipino students who will be given the chance to financially put themselves thro ugh school. This system will certainly inculcate the values of sipag at tiyaga (perseverance and hard work) among our young people, stressed Villar. Helping provide education to young Filipinos, says Villar, will likewise give them the opportunity to improve their quality of life. CHAPTER III Methodology Research Setting and the Respondents The chosen respondents in this study are the students of the College of Business Administration from 1st year up to 4th year of the current semester 2010-2011 in the University of the East Caloocan. The respondents are divided into four(4) groups, six(6) from 1st year, nineteen(19) from the second year, twenty(20) in third year and fifteen(15) from the fourth year. The researcher also uses random sampling for two roups to have an equal presentation. Methods of Research This research was done through the use of the survey. The researchers have made survey questionnaire to have an idea about the opinions of the students of the College of Business Administration about working while studying. For the knowledge of the researchers to be enriched, the researchers conducted interviews with the expert s about the said topic. For the betterment of this study, the researchers made sure that they will collect information and data in different basis like books, journals, newspapers, etc. Design of the Research This study was done based on the descriptive method. The main reason for conducting this research is to describe and analyze the topic knowledge and the perception of working students in the College of Business Administration about their working situation. Data Gathering Procedure This research is only the initial study and not needed in having a degree. The researchers did not use complicated statistics in analyzing data, only the tallying method and taking of percentage that are needed in this research. Chapter IV Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data Gender| Number of Respondents| Percentage| Male| 26| 43%| Female| 34| 57%| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, thirty four(34) number of respondents or equal to fifty seven percent(57%) are female, twenty six(26) or equal to forty three percent (43%) are male. Therefore, it shows that there are more female working student in College of Business Administration in University of the East. Year Level Year Level| Number of Respondents| Percentage| 1st year| 1| 2%| 2nd year| 23| 38%| 3rd year| 21| 35%| 4th year| 15| 25%| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, one(1) working student or equal to two percent are in the first year. Twenty three respondents(23) or equal to thirty eight percent(38%) in the second year, while thirty one(31) respondents or equal to thirty five percent(35%) in third year. Fifteen(15) respondents or equal to twenty five percent(25%) are in the fourth year. Therefore, it shows that the number of second year students got the highest number of a working student in this current semester 2010-2011. Age| Number of Respondents| Percentage| 16-18| 21| 35%| 19-21| 25| 41%| 22-24| 13| 22%| 25-above| 1| 2%| Total| 60| 100%| Age Out of sixty(60) respondents, twenty five(25) working students or equal to forty-one percent(41%) are at the age of 19-21 years old. Twenty one(21) respondents or equal to thirty five percent(35%) are at the age of 16-18 years old. Thirteen(13) respondents or equal to twenty two percent(22%) are in the age of 22-24 and one(1) respondent or equal to two percent(2%) is at the age of 25 years old. Therefore, the age of working student got the highest number is 19-21 years old. Question No. 1 What course are you taking up now? Course| Number of Respondents| Percentage| Marketing Management| 10| 17%| Financial Management| 7| 12%| Business Economics| 0| 0| Business Management| 5| 8%| Management Accounting| 18| 30%| Accountancy| 20| 33%| Total| 60| 100| Out of sixty(60) respondents, twenty(20) working students or equal to thirty three percent(33%) are students taking up Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (BSA). Eighteen(18) respondents of equal to thirty percent(30%) are students in Management Accounting. Ten(10) respondents or equal to seventeen percent(17%) are from Marketing Management. Seven respondents(7) or equal to twelve percent(12%) are taking up Financial Management and five(5) respondents or equal to eight percent(8%) are taking up Business Management. Therefore, it shows that most of the working students in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan are taking up Accountancy and Management Accounting. Question No. 2 Who is/are paying for your tuition fee? Choices| Number of Respondents| Percentage| Parents| 28| 47%| Relatives| 25| 41%| Siblings| 4| 7%| Scholarship| 3| 5%| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, twenty eight(28) working students or equal to forty seven percent(47%) answered parents, while twenty five(25) respondents or equal to forty one percent(41%) answered relatives. Four(4) respondents or equal to seven percent(7%) answered siblings and three(3) respondents or equal to five percent(5%) are answered from scholarship. Therefore, it shows that most of the working students are being supported by their parents. Question No. 3 At what age did you decide to be a working student? Age| Number of Respondents| Percentage| 16-18| 29| 48%| 19-21| 24| 40%| 22-24| 7| 12%| 25| 0| 0| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, twenty nine(29) working students or equal to forty eight(48%)percent are at the age of 16-18 years old. Twenty-four(24) respondents or equal to forty percent(40%) are at the age of 19-21 years old. Seven(7) respondents or equal to twelve percent(12%) are at the age of 21-24 years old. Therefore, it shows that most of the students in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan started working at the age of 16-18 years old. Question No. 4 What kind of job are you taking up now? Work| Number of Respondents| Percentage| Service Crew| 27| 41%| Office Tutor| 7| 12%| Students’ Assistant| 9| 15%| Call Center Agent| 19| 32%| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, twenty five(25) working students or equal to forty one(41%)percent are working as a service crew while seven(7) respondents or equal to twelve percent(12%) are students are working as a office tutor. Nine(9) respondents or equal to fifteen percent(15%) are working as a students’ assistant and nineteen(19) respondents or equal to thirty two(32) percent are working as a call center agent. Therefore, it shows that service crew and call center agent are the most common job of working students. Question No. 5 What schedule do you have in school? Schedule| Number of Respondents| Percentage| Day Shift| 25| 42%| Night Shift| 30| 50%| MWF only| 3| 5%| TTH only| 2| 3%| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, thirty(30) working students or equal to fifty percent(50%) took night shift schedule, twenty-five(25) respondents or equal to forty-two(42%) percent took day shift schedule. Three(3) respondents or equal to five percent(5%) took MWF only and two(2) respondents or equal to three percent(3%) took TTH schedule only. Therefore, it shows that night shift is the most common schedule that a working student takes up. Question No. 6 What is your reason for being a working student? Reason| Number of Respondents| Percentage| Self Interest| 22| 37%| Parents’ Choice| 7| 12%| Financial Problem| 24| 39%| Work Experience| 7| 12%| Total| 60| 100% | Out of sixty(60) respondents, twenty-two(22) working students or equal to thirty-seven percent(37%) answered self-interest. Seven(7) respondents or equal to twelve percent(12%) answered parents’ choice. Twenty-four(24) respondents or equal to thirty-nine percent(39%) answered financial problem. Seven(7) respondents or equal to twelve percent(12%) answered work experience. Therefore, it shows that financial problem is the main reason why a student decided to work. Question No. 7 How many hours do you spend for work? Hours| Number of Respondents| Percentage| 1-2| 2| 4%| 3-4| 35| 58%| 5-7| 23| 38%| 8 or more than| 0| 0| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, two(2) working students or equal to four percent(4%) answered 1-2 hours. Thirty-five(35) respondents or equal to fifty-eight percent(58%) answered 3-4 hours. Twenty-three(23) respondents or equal to thirty-eight percent(38%) answered 5-7 hours. Therefore, most of the working students in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan work 3-4 hours a day. Question No. Does your work affect to your studies? Choices| Number of Respondents| Percentage| Yes| 18| 30%| No| 14| 23%| Slightly| 28| 47%| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, eighteen(18) working students or equal to thirty percent(30%) answered yes. Fourteen(14) respondents or equal to twenty-three percent(23%) answered no. twenty-eight(28) respondents or equal to forty-seven per cent(47%) answered slightly. Therefore, most of the working students in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan experience that their work slightly affects their studies. If yes, in what manner? Out of forty-five(45) respondents who answered yes, fifteen(15) working students said that they are having conflicts with the schedule of their work and studies. Five(5) students answered that it helps them to gain more knowledge. Twenty-one(21) students answered that they loss focus on their studies and four(4) students answered that they are encourage to focus more on their studies. Question No. 9 In being a working student, is it a big help for you? Choices| Number of Respondents| Percentage| Yes| 56| 94%| No| 0| 0| Slightly| 4| 6%| Total| 60| 100%| Out of sixty(60) respondents, fifty-six(56) working students or equal to ninety-four percent(94%) answered yes. Four(4) or equal to six percent(6%) answered slightly. Therefore, the work of a student really helps. If yes, in what way does your work help you? Out of fifty-six(60) respondents who answered yes and slightly, twenty-two(22) answered self satisfaction. Twenty-nine(29) answered tuition fee and other school expenses. Fourteen(14) answered that they gain more knowledge and six(6) answered that they can help their parents in their financial needs. Chapter V Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary of Findings This study was done to know what are the problems of the working students. The descriptive method was used. The researchers used survey questionnaire to gather data and information. The respondents were the working students of the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan. The researchers found out that most of the working students in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan are taking up Accountancy and Management Accounting ranging from 19 to 21 years old. The respondents were composed of 57% female and 43% male working students. Their parents help them in their studies. The researchers also found out that the common job of the working students are service crew in the fast food chain and call center agents. Most of them started working in the age of 16 to 18 years old. Most of them spend 3 to 4 hours in their work. They usually get night shift schedule. The main reasons why they work is due to financial problem and luxuries. The work of the students affects their studies. There are times that students failed to give much time and attention to their studies. There are usually conflicts in the time of their work and studies. On the other hand, it came out that their work really helps them in their studies, they were able to pay their tuition fees and support their daily allowance. Conclusion The researchers have made the following conclusions: 1. Most of the working students in the College of Business Administration in the University of the East – Caloocan are taking up Accountancy and Management Accounting ranging from 19 to 21 years old. 2. Their parents help them in their studies. 3. The researchers also found out that the common job of the working students are service crew in the fast food chain and call center agents. . Most of them started working in the age of 16 to 18 years old. Most of them spend 3 to 4 hours in their work. 5. They usually get night shift schedule. 6. The main reasons why they work is due to financial problem and luxuries. 7. The work of the students affects their studies. There are times that students failed to give much time and attention to their studies. 8. There are usually conflicts in the time of their work and studies. On the other hand, it came out that their work really helps them in their studies, they were able to pay their tuition fees and support their daily allowance. Recommendation The researchers have made the following recommendations: 1. For the parents of the working students, we recommend them to continue supporting their child and not to lose hope because this will surely has a positive effect not only in their studies but also to their work in the future. 2. For the department of Business Administration, we recommend for them to have enough programs for the working students for them to help in their academic studies. 3. For the teachers, we recommend you to give considerations to the working students in their academic activities. . For the government, we recommend them to have more scholarship programs to lessen the working students. 5. For other researchers, we recommend you to conduct more studies regarding this topic to make a clearer and meaningful result that will help the students. 6. For the students who want to work, we recommend you to choose a work that is related to your chosen course to enhance your skills and knowledge. 7. For the working students, we recommend you to study well. They must not be complaisant to their studies even though they are working.

Teenagers Must Be Allowed to Make Their Own Decisions Essay Example

Teenagers Must Be Allowed to Make Their Own Decisions Paper Should teenagers be allowed to make their own decisions? When parents expect teens to take on adult responsibilities without treating them as adults, it’s unethical. By ignoring their complaints on society, you shut your teen out from you, resulting in them shutting you out. Most parents think that teenagers arent old enough to think farther. Therefore, they always make decisions for their teenage children. This may affect teenagers futures because they will become dependent on their parents and they will not be able to make their own decisions correctly. They will neither have their own goals nor ambitions because everything in their lives is made up and decided by their parents. They end up not knowing how to deal with responsibilities as they grow up. They will not have proper decision making skills because their parents or others were making decision for them. A teenager has access to their own mind and is better aware of their skills, interests, personality, limitations, and other factors. Some of these things are difficult or perhaps impossible to communicate with people who dont understand. Teens need to learn some things for themselves. Better they learn it in high school than have to learn the lesson in far less forgiving atmospheres. When a teenager deals with the own responsibilities and mistakes they make wiser decisions because they know it comes with consequences. Like people say the only way I’m going to learn is if I do it on my own. Mistakes give us endurance, gives us strength to prepare for other things. So the best way for an individual to learn is to learn on their own. This also enhances their sense of responsibility. Parents should not attack for stifling creativity in their children because it will leads to inability to make momentous decision in their future life. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenagers Must Be Allowed to Make Their Own Decisions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Teenagers Must Be Allowed to Make Their Own Decisions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Teenagers Must Be Allowed to Make Their Own Decisions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Older teenagers should be able to make their own decisions, while parents can assist them, with the intention of preventing their offspring from making costly mistakes. Present your older children with the highest esteem: tell them you have faith they will do the right thing. Such a compliment to their psyche convinces them of their grown-up status, and lays the moral burden on their own shoulders. It reinforces children of their value to society and to themselves. Thus teenagers should be allowed to choose and make their own decisions, but with the clear guidance of their parents.

Alcohol Essays (521 words) - Drinking Culture, Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol There are some 14 million people in the United States and 1 out of every 13 adults are considered alcoholics or at least experience drinking problems to some degree. Most people just don't understand the consequences of drinking. Alcoholism is a disease and unless something is done, more and more will be affected by this dangerous drug. A bad withdraw from this drug can lead to death, not even heroin results in death as many times as alcohol. The majority of people see alcohol as a social outlet and does not consider it to be as dangerous as it may really be. Alcoholism is an often-progressive disease with symptoms that include a strong need to drink despite negative consequences, such as serious job and health problems. The thing about alcohol is that a person does not need to be an alcoholic to experience problems with alcohol. Just a couple of drinks for anyone can result in irresponsible behavior, clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance, even unconsciousness. If you are diagnosed as an alcoholic you can not just try to cut down on drinking and think that this will help. Studies show that nearly all alcoholics who try to merely cut down on drinking are unable to do so indefinitely. Instead, cutting out alcohol is nearly necessary for successful recovery. Alcohol has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body, and failure to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive drinking may further complicate matters. Some cases even require hospitalization. The effects on major organ systems can be dramatic. A wide rang of digestive-systems can be affected, such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged. In advanced cases, abstinence from alcohol may result in a serious withdrawal syndrome, commonly known as delirium tremens, characterized by symptoms ranging from shaking limbs to hallucinations and blackouts. This condition can prove to be deadly even with prompt treatment. There are some good things about moderate drinking. Several studies have reported that people that drink one or two drinks per day are less likely to develop heart disease than people who do not drink any alcohol or who drink larger amounts. Small amounts of alcohol may help protect against coronary heart disease by raising levels of ?good? HDL cholesterol and by reducing the risk of blood clots in the coronary arteries. Most people just don't understand the health risks heavy drinking can cause. They think of alcohol as a way to relax and forget about problems, but in fact it creates more problems. Earlier and better treatment has led to high recovery rates. Despite these encouraging signs, estimates of the annual number of deaths related to excessive drinking exceed 100,000 in the United States alone. Economic costs related to alcoholism are nearly $150 billion a year. Bibliography Work Cited Page United States. National Safety Council and California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. Effects of Alcohol United States. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. FAQ's on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Social Issues Essays

Grammar Tips Using the Present Tense - Get Proofed!

Grammar Tips Using the Present Tense - Get Proofed! Grammar Tips: Using the Present Tense â€Å"Carpe diem† is a Latin phrase often translated as â€Å"seize the day.† It’s used to urge people to appreciate the present moment instead of thinking about the past or future too much. And in that spirit, we’ve written this blog post about using the present tense. Carp diem, meanwhile, means Be a fish for the day. After all, you certainly won’t be â€Å"seizing the day† if you spend all your time worrying about errors in your writing. So, do yourself a favor and seize this grammatical advice instead. Simple Present The simplest form of the present tense is, appropriately, called the â€Å"simple present† tense. This is possibly the most common grammatical tense in English, as we use it to describe: Current facts (e.g., I live in Chicago.) General truths (e.g., Many people live in Chicago.) Things that happen regularly (e.g., The bus arrives in Chicago at 8am.) Things due to happen at a fixed time in the future (e.g., The festival begins in July.) The base verb form is usually correct in the simple present tense. However, the verb form changes slightly in when writing in the singular third person. For example: First Person: I live in Chicago. Second Person: You live in Chicago. Third Person: He/she lives in Chicago. As above, when using the third-person singular, an extra â€Å"s† is added to the base verb. Present Continuous The present continuous tense is used to describe an ongoing or incomplete action. It is formed by combining â€Å"am,† â€Å"is,† or â€Å"are† with a present participle. For example: I am learning Latin. They are going to the beach. She is dancing on the ceiling. All of these examples emphasize an ongoing or incomplete process. But they’re also things that have an endpoint or where progress can be made, not steady states of affairs (e.g., I live in Chicago) or general truths (e.g., Rain is wet) that don’t change over time. Present Perfect The present perfect tense is used for actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past: We have visited New York twice. It can also be used to describe actions that began in the past and continue into the present (or that happened in the past and continue to be true in the present): She has lived here since she was young. In both cases, the present perfect tense combines â€Å"has† or â€Å"have† with a past participle.   Most past participles, including â€Å"visited† and â€Å"lived† above, are formed by adding â€Å"-ed† to the end of a base verb. However, keep an eye out for irregular verbs that don’t follow this pattern. For instance: The leaves have fallen from the trees. In this case, since â€Å"fall† is an irregular verb, we use the past participle â€Å"fallen† (not â€Å"falled†). Present Perfect Continuous Finally, we have the present perfect continuous tense, which combines elements of the present perfect and present continuous tenses. As such, it’s used to describe ongoing actions that began in the past. We indicate this by combining â€Å"has been† or â€Å"have been† with a present participle: I have been waiting for the last half hour. Here, for example, â€Å"have been waiting† describes an ongoing process of waiting, but with an emphasis on how long the speaker has been there. This makes it distinct from the present perfect â€Å"I am waiting.† Hopefully that clears up how different present tense forms are used. If you want to make sure your writing is error free, though, embrace the spirit of â€Å"carpe diem† and have your work proofread today.

Discuss how structural and institutional factors in Britain and Essay

Discuss how structural and institutional factors in Britain and America may have limited the scope for improving corporate perfo - Essay Example Secondly, soft laws, which are encouraged by the highly influential Cadbury commission of institutional investors in the United Kingdom, which gets into contracts with portfolio companies. Thirdly, attention to issues of Corporate Social Responsibility, which is encouraged by â€Å"the Institutional Shareholders Committee, which represents over 80% of institutional investment in the UK† (Malhotra, 2009, p. 246). Institutional factors have a lot of influence on the performance of organizations. Limitations or possibilities for how and how quickly organizations can change depend on institutional factors. These â€Å"include factors such as to what degree policies-and the laws that formalize policies –are really driving actions of senior executives , civil servants and front line service providers† (Fowler, Acquaye-Baddoo, and Ubels, 2010, p.150), and how far a nation’s budget process is driven by interests of influential people or by policies. Presence or la ck of a positive relation between corporate governance and corporate financial performance has been used to test whether reforms in corporate governance have a positive impact on industries in Britain. According to Prasad â€Å"corporate governance refers to the relationship that exists between the different participants, and defining the direction and performance of a corporate firm† (2006, p.1). Corporate governance is vital in international business. Poor financial performance by corporate can be attributed to bad corporate governance. This can be seen in the case of the United States where â€Å"companies with weaker corporate governance structures (indicated by substantial agency problems) perform less well than companies with better corporate governance structures† (Solomon, 2010, n.p.). This can be clearly seen in the case of the United States where there is poor performance by companies with poor corporate governance structures, while those with good corporate governance structures perform well. Structural reforms in nations have had a number of benefits. Structural factors are important determinants of competitive business and growth prospects. Since the late 1970s, structural reforms have attracted a lot of attention by policy makers. In Britain, structural reforms began when the government â€Å"was under Mrs. Thatcher, it adopted a series of structural reforms to result in successfully reviving the British economy. The US government under President Regan followed Mrs. Thatcher’s policy by pursuing structural reforms and successfully rejuvenated the US economy† (OECD, 2005, p.24). In recent years, developed and developing countries have recognized the beneficial effects of structural reforms, and have therefore adopted them. Among these nations, some have successfully attained economic growth, while others haven’t been successful. From this it is clear that structural and institutional reforms can have positive or negative impacts on corporate performance in nations, which is among the factors that determine economic progress. Structural and Institutional Reforms in Britain and America

The Issues of Deportation in the UK Research Paper

The Issues of Deportation in the UK - Research Paper Example Apart from these 3 grounds, immigration officers have powers to remove people who have been refused leave to enter the UK. They can also remove illegal entrants i.e. people who have entered without express permission. Further, the Immigration Act 1999 provides the immigration officers powers to remove people who have exceeded the period for which they were allowed to live in the UK.1 This power is also given in cases where the people concerned have obtained leave to reside by deception. The same section also gives power to the immigration officers to remove members of the families of such people. Where any person is liable for deportation under the relevant provision of Immigration Act, 1971, the Secretary of the State may make an order of deportation against him. This means that the person will be ordered to leave the United Kingdom. Any leave granted to him to reside in the United Kingdom shall stand revoked after the order of deportation is passed. The order also means that the person will not be allowed to enter the United Kingdom again.2 In the light of the powers given to administrative authorities to enforce deportation or otherwise to cause the removal of persons whose removal would be conducive to a public good, there are bound to be challenging to orders of deportation. Many appeals against deportation orders are filed before immigration appellate tribunals. There are certain circumstances where the persons ordered to be deported challenge the deportation on the ground that they are not likely to commit the offense again. Gina Clayton, in her Textbook on Immigration Law, asserts that despite this, the judicial authorities may be prepared to uphold deportation on the basis that it may serve as an example and deter others. It is firstly to be said that the work of the author from which statement is taken is a textbook on immigration law.  

The Bottled Water Company Comprehensive Master Budget Essay

The Bottled Water Company Comprehensive Master Budget - Essay Example We used 20 ounces to cover for production of one unit of the item. I believe that estimation is appropriate because it provides for a reasonable room for error. The budget also accounts for the cost labour used in the production of the new product. The costs vary with each quarter, depending on the number of sales we expect each quarter of the year. We have also considered other expenses such as delivery, the cost of administration sales commissions, accounting and other fixed costs in the budget. Our overall expenditure was significantly lesser than the amount of cash flow from the sales. We also expect a growing momentum for income the new products generates for the company as documented in the budget. I am certain these statistics will reflect positively on the company’s collective balance sheet. As far as the new product is concerned, I believe it will make good profits for the

The Product Life Cycle

The Product Life Cycle The  product life cycle  is an important concept in marketing.   It explains the stages a product goes through from when it was first thought of until it finally is removed from the market. All products does not reach this final stage.   Some continue to grow and others rise and fall.  So ,this is basically an idea of product life cycle. Product life-cycle management  (or  PLCM) is the succession of strategies used by business management as a product goes through its  life cycle . The situation or condition in which product is sold (advertising, saturation) keep changes over time  . Aim The aim of P.L.C. are to minimize time to market, improve product quality, minimize prototyping costs, identify potential sales opportunities and revenue contributions, and minimise worst impacts at end-of-life. To create successful new products the company must comprehend its customers, markets and competitors.so the company focus on these factors. DEFINITION All products have a particular life time, which is called the product life cycle. The life of time a product is on the market is highly dependent on its competition, technology and even the understanding of a companys marketing department. One of the best ways of extending a products life cycle is to regularly collect feedback from consumers, finding out what they need and want from a particular product. Genrally product life cycle has four stages which are as follows: Introduction Stage After a company develops a product and tests its feasible among consumers, the product is usually introduced to the market. This first part of a products existence is called the introduction stage. A company is usually trying to build both advertising and brand awareness of the product in the introduction stage. So thats why the company cost remain relatively high.. The first pricing strategy would be to enter the market with a high price in hopes of regain initial production and advertising costs.. Growth Stage The growth stage is when product sales start to grow exponentially, especially when the product is at high demand. At this stage, competition will grow as other companies create competitive products. The market leader or first company in the industry to create the product will usually maintain its starting price as the sales are incrementing obviously price is acceptable to cuctomer. Saturation Stage Competition will eventually start reaching a saturation point over time. Companies will for a position in the market to compete with the leading company. At this point, it will be difficult for new competitors to enter into the market. Some may even go out of business. Market saturation will eventually force companies to lower prices. It is during this stage that consumer research is extremely important. A company will want to determine what features, styles or flavors of the product in question consumers want so it can differentiate its product from competitors. A company may also discover that the consumers want additional products. Hence, the companys best strategy is to extend its product line to include these additional products. Declining Sales Stage Eventually, product sales will start declining unless a company finds new uses or markets for its product. The decline stage may be haste occurence by new technology that replaces the outdated product. For example, the computer eventually replaced the typewriter. The company may also cut back on advertising during the decline stage. For example, black and white televisions are still in existence but are not promoted. sld00311.jpg (749-463) BEN SHARMAN Ben Sherman is a globally recognised lifestyle brand. It has grown from its business beginnings in quality shirts in Brighton in 1963 and is now sold in 35 countries around the world. It has expanded into the USA, Europe, and Australasia. In 2004, Ben Sherman was acquired by the American-based company, Oxford Industries. This group is an international apparel design, sourcing and marketing Ben Shermans name has always been closely linked with the British music scene and with fashion. Its customers are young and at the forefront of style. Throughout the years high profile customers include musicians, models, actors and bands, such as Blur, Oasis and the Kaiser Chiefs. The growth of the brand can be traced through changes in musical taste and this is a key part of Ben Shermans marketing strategy. Ben Sherman has developed a balanced marketing mix. This is often referred to as the 4 Ps product, price, promotion and place. By getting the mix right, the company ensures that its products reach the market segments it is aiming the brand at. This approach helps the business remain competitive and extends its market share and influence. The marketing mix is like a cake recipe. Most cakes need the basic ingredients of eggs, flour, sugar and milk. However, a childs birthday cake will require a different recipe to a wedding cake. The key is to combine the ingredients to get the right cake for the right occasion. The marketing mix works in exactly the same way. The key ingredients of product, price, promotion and place are all necessary for the appropriate marketing of the product. Ben Sherman chooses the right combination of each element to satisfy different customers needs. PRODUCT Ben Sherman has to decide whether to create a product and then market it to target customers (product-orientated) or find out what the market wants and then provide it (market-orientated) To achieve both, the company produces a wide product range that appeals to all its target market segments. The range includes casual clothes, formal wear, denim, footwear and lifestyle accessories, such as underwear, watches, bags, belts and fragrances. .Product life cycle Ben Sherman uses major fashion shows to launch its collections to the press. The fashion year has two cycles the spring/summer season and the autumn/winter one. The fashion industry is highly competitive and fast-moving. Fashion products tend to have a short life cycle. This means the time between the launch of a product and the point at which that product is mature is very quick. Competition amongst fashion retailers forces businesses to refresh their ranges a number of times in a year. This topping up modifies the product as it reaches the maturity stage. The boost of a new product or style then extends the life of the range. Products need refreshing to avoid the dip in sales during the Saturation stage of the life cycle which could result in an early decline. The additions and changes help sales rise again, earning extra sales revenue and profit, as well as maintaining the Ben Sherman brand in the market. PRICE Ben Sherman has to assess which markets its products are aimed at and set a price to match.There are a number of pricing strategies that a business can use for its products including: cost based pricing where the selling price is set to cover the cost of manufacture. market orientated pricing. Market orientated pricing covers several different approaches: market penetration, where a new product is priced low to attract a high volume of sales market skimming where a new product has premium pricing to give high revenues whilst the product is unique in the market premium pricing, where there is a uniqueness and exclusiveness about the product so that it can command a high price economy pricing, which tends to be for no-frills, basic products where the cost of manufacture and marketing are kept to a minimumThe price of a product relates to its perceived value. Lower priced items will expect a higher volume of sales, whilst fewer sales of luxury products may achieve the same revenue through higher pricing. Low price brands often copy the market leaders and may be generic own brands, such as those produced by supermarket chains. The main purpose of price here is to indicate value for- money and such brands do not expect customers to show loyalty. Ben Sherman produces mostly medium-price range products. Its position in the market for clothing is shown on the product map diagram. The mix of product and price is clearly evident here. These brands are identifiable by their quality and style. PLACE This refers both to the places where Ben Sherman products may be bought and to the channels of distribution used to deliver the products to these places. Place is not always a physical building such as a retail outlet or shop, but includes any means by which the product is made available to the customer.A business has to balance getting enough of its products to its target customers against the problems or costs of distributing them. PROMOTION The purpose of promotion is to obtain and retain customers. It covers: above-the-line, which is using independent media to reach a wide audience easily, but over which the company may have limited control, for example, magazine advertising. This reaches a mass audience but can be hard to measure its impact. below-the-line, which uses media over which the business has control, for example, direct mailing. This type of promotion can be more cost-effective and give more measurable response rates. CONCLUSION Ben Sherman is a brand that appeals to the youth market. Its responsiveness to changing tastes in fashion and music throughout the last fifty years has provided it with a unique heritage of quality, personality and style. This has made Ben Sherman into a great British icon, reflecting British culture as it does business across the world. Whilst each element of the marketing mix is important in its own right, the right balance of the four elements is critical. MAGGI Different phases product life cycle of maggi Why  attanoodle  was  a  failure? Strategies taken to establish new productcategory What measures NIL should take to sustain theimage of a popular brand image. Stage at which maggiis in the product lifecycle. PRODUCT LIFE   CYCLE A concept that provides a way to trace thestages of a product ¶s acceptance, from itsintroduction (birth) to its  decline (death) INTRODUCTORY STAGE High failure rates No competition Frequent product modification Limited distribution High marketing and production costs Promotion focuses on awareness and  information Nestlà © India Ltd. (NIL), the  Indian subsidiary of the global FMCG major,Nestlà © SA, introduced the Maggibrand in India in 1982, with its launch of  Maggi2 Minute  Noodles, an instant  noodles product GROWTH STAGE Increasing rate  of sales Entrance of competitors Initial healthy profits Promotion emphasizes brand ads Prices normally fall Development costs are recovered 10 yrs back it  enjoyed around 50% market share in this  segment which was valued ataround 250 crores. . MATURITY STAGE Declining sales growth Saturated markets Extending product line Stylistic product changes Heavy promotions to dealers and consumers Prices and profits fall In  2003  Hindustan  Lever  Ltd  was all  set  to take on  Nestlesbestselling  Maggi2-minute noodles by launching a new category of liquid  snacks under it foodbrand, KnorrAnnapurna DECLINE STAGE Long-run drop in sales Large inventories of  unsold items Elimination of all non essentialmarketing expenses

The French and English Revolutions :: European Europe History

The French and English Revolutions THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution was effected and caused by many things and people. Some people that had to do with the French Revolution were, Louis XVI, and, Marie Antoinette. Marie played an active role in the Revolution but suffered for her royalist sympathies. King Louis XVI also played an important role in the Revolution, seeing as how he was the king and all. When Louis XVI came to be King, he inherited a France in debt, and he was left with no choice but to raise taxes even though they were already high enough. This had made the people of France very angry. Paris had become furious and chose to make a big scene. This was also one of the causes of the French Revolution. Some believe that the MAIN reason for the Revolution was all based on, Louis, being too young and inexperienced to run an ENTIRE country by himself. He was only when he got married to Marie and he was only 20 when he officially became king of France. As the people of France grew more and more angry with Louis, it had started removing French Officials, such as, Tax collectors, and changing all of the kings appointed men to intendants. Pretty soon there were oaths and things for Louis to sign everywhere. Oaths such as the "Tennis Court Oath", and the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen", and the "Constitution of 1791." Two effects of the Revolution were, change the voting by head, giving the third estate an advantage because they had as many people as the first and second estates, and the beheading of King Louis XVI. This section has shown how the French Revolution was effected and caused by many things and people. THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION The English revolution was also effected by many people and things, just like the French Revolution. Some people having to do with the Revolution were King Charles II, and King James II. Charles and James both were kings of England for their own share of time, influencing the country and its motives. After a short bit, Charles died unexpectedly from natural causes at the age of 55. Then James, brother of Charles, became King. This was a reason for the Revolution in some people's eyes. The change of Charles to James was a stutter in the economy. It caused a major uproar, not against James, but just a lot of commotion and talk amongst the people.

Television program

Disney has subsequently recognized the inaccuracy of the declaration of this program and has since then decided to restructure the projection. The author of the article had the intention to showing the fabrications of the media and the persuasive nature of these multi-billion dollar companies. More than likely the author has children of his own possibly possesses at least one Little Einstein digitally.The authors evidence Of Disney's claim that Little Einstein would make children more intelligent, which was completely false hence, the supporting studies behind it suggested that children 2 or less shouldn't be watching television at all. As the reader, a mother, and from a younger generation of parents all together, I believe that hillier that watch television excessively lack imagination and tend to be lazy.Educational television is effective but when we start labeling it to be the only type of way children can learn efficiently that's where we start failing our children. Only a fool would believe that watching one type of show would make their child some type of prodigy. If we really want our children to have their minds flourish we need to read to them whenever we can, play outside and nurture them in every way possible. No, television program could ever create that type of educational experience.

Please Base On My Existing Writing To Change It Fluently To Be A Piece

Please Base On My Existing Writing To Change It Fluently To Be A Piece Please Base On My Existing Writing To Change It Fluently To Be A Piece Of Formal Academic Writing – Essay Example Sociology Sociology Mystery Shopper Mr. CC Graduated at in the of the Arts London and Gemological Institute of America. Adiamond consultant, GIA accredited Jewelry professional, GIA jewelry designer. Mystery shopper is a project to perform specific tasks such as purchasing a product, asking questions, registering complaints or behaving in a certain way. The reason for setting up this project is to provide detailed reports or feedback  about their experiences. In order to complete the task, everyone should have their position and unite together and try to find out their teammate’s talent and let them understand the importance of getting involved in such a task. B. CURRENT PROBLEMS The current problems are that the Human Resource Managers in Macau find it hard to employ local workers. Treat the others with heart, faith and purity because a leader is supposed to motivate others and give them ‘HOPE’. C. PARTNERSHIPS – how is the leader looking for external s upport?The leader is supposed to find out employees who have potential and support their professional jewelry training in Gemological Institute of America  campusD. SUGGESTIONS What suggestions would s/he have for the college students interested in having an impact on the issue? How does s/he define leadership and service? Does s/he see them as connected? He/she suggests that leadership and service requires one to learn from mistakes, make more practice to become perfect. Its not their pain youre afraid of. Its yours, Charles. And as frightening as it can be, that pain will make you stronger. If you allow yourself to feel it, embrace it. It will make you more powerful than you ever imagined. Its the greatest gift we have: to bear their pain without breaking. And it comes from the most human part of us: hope. Charles, we need you to be hopeful again.  E. RESOURCES – where else should students look for assistance, help or ideas?What other resources (organizations, web sites , readings) does s/he recommend? The past: a new and uncertain world: a world of endless possibilities and infinite outcomes. Countless choices define our fate: each choice, each moment, a moment in the ripple of time. Enough ripple, and you change the tide... for the future is never truly set.  I suggest students to be involved in Student Magazine as it is a useful academic platform for them to identify and explore more about the sociopolitical issues.

ECO2103 PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS Essays - Microeconomics

ECO2103 PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS Essays - Microeconomics ECO2103 PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (30%) The assessment for this course comprise ONE essay of up to 1800 - 2000 words in length. This word limit includes footnotes (if any) but exclude references, tables or diagrams. Essay: Choose one from the following 6. 1)Currently, most of the world adopted mixed economy as a mean of resource allocation. Before that, different economy system was proposed in the 16th- 19th century such as pure capitalism and communism. Explain why the latter two economy system fail to become dominant in today economy? 2)Theoretically, price is determine by the force of market demand and supply. However, does it really applicable in today economy, given that information is imperfect in the market? 3)In Adam Smith famous paradox of value: Water has less value in exchange while it is important for survival. On the other hand, diamond has less value in use but greater value in exchange. Explain your reasoning for the above statement. 4)In theory, when demand is inelastic, increasing price will increase firms profit. However, when demand is elastic, decreasing price will increase firms profit. Does this case necessary to be true in practice? 5)Does perfectly competitive markets exist in real world? Explain. 6)From economic point of view, what are the main causes of market failure? Requirement 1)You are required to submit your work to Turrnitin to prevent plagiarism. Your similarity should not exceed 25%. Penalty will be impose for works that exceed 25% similarity. Candidate with serious plagiarism could be charge for academic dishonesty. 2)Referencing style: Harvard Referencing. 3)You must submit a hardcopy of your write-up together with turnitin report and assessment rubric. 4)Submission after due date (Within 1 week after the due date), maximum marks will be 50% from the total. 5)No mark will be credited after the 1 week maximum limit or after any extended date where an extension has been granted. Final date for submission The final deadline for essay submission is: WEEK 11

Mock solution satire on the war on terror Essay

Mock solution satire on the war on terror - Essay Example So what do we do to fight the war on terror? For sure we cannot exorcise it away and just when we thought that by killing Osama Bin Laden will also kill the problem away, lo and behold, we got another bang in Boston. So killing to end killing obviously did not work and we are still wondering what will end terror. I have a solution. Its simpler, effective and does not involve killing. How about America sharing its fun with the radicals? I believe this will work because it addresses the common factor that is present among terrorists – that is being lonely or not having fun and not necessarily the stereotype that they have to come from Middle East. That was proven with the latest terror attack in Boston where the bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev had been complaining that he did not understand Americans and became lonely despite being an American Green Card Holder. Its the lack of fun that drives people nuts to become radicals and terrorize people. Remember when you are still a kid? Fo yo u remember how much you envied to the point of spite that friend of yours who had the latest bling or been considered as cool to have the attention of everybody while you were empty handed and ignored? Folks, in societies version, America is that friend who has all the fun and all the blings and coolest kid in town and she does not want to share it. So the envious neighbor thougth that since what America have cannot be had and they are hopeless in their miserable lot, they might as well inflict misery on the coolest kid on the town to keep them company. Their clerics made it easier by providing incentives of giving them seven virgins in that place yonder which in no way they could ever have in this lifetime. Call it gullible, but when you are in slum, barely eat three times a day and uneducated without any clear prospect of the future, the prize of a virgin is more than enough for a motivation. These explain why jihadist will never run out of supply and in fact the line is long for those who are itching to have their share of virgins. Boy, I wonder if heaven has a factory of virgins considering the number of people who cannot wait for their share. We can kill and kill but the number of those who are willing to die for seven virgins are just overwheliming. I think America should do a propaganda work that all virgins in heavens are already taken to remove the incentive of the extremists. Fighting terror with sophisticated arms and infantry is a band aid approach because the real cause is not addressed. We should ceased to be that selfish kid on the block who has all the fun and all the toys. As a solution, why not share the fun with the rest of the world especially in those areas where extremist resides? When everybody is partying and having fun on this planet in this lifetime then the prospect of seven virgins in heaven will eventually lose its appeal because there is no longer an incentive to be exremist. Fun is already guranteed and happening here, so why wai t to die to have your turn for fun? For all you know, heaven might have run out of virgins considering the huge number of those who already killed themselves for virgins. The trouble with the world is that there are just a lot of lonely men out there. Terror is just a projection, a sort of outlet of the root cause of the problem which is really utter lack of fun. If only we will export

Business Employment Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Employment Law - Case Study Example Notably, Mr. Dunlap presented claims that showed the aspects of priority given to the white over the black people, irrespective of them having better qualifications and work experiences than the white people. However, Mr. Dunlap failed to prove the case regarding disparate impact. The case later proceeded to the U.S. Court of Appeal with the legal issue being, to establish whether Dunlap fulfilled the burden of proof in the case, in addition to establishing the correctness of the District Court findings. The Court of Appeal confirmed the decisions of the District Court in the case, as they cited the insufficient evidence for disparate treatment. They also upheld the decision on awards for the damages and fees. However, the Court of Appeal reversed the verdict on disparate impact.Why the plaintiff’s disparate, impact claim failedMr. Dunlap suit alleged that TVA manipulated the process of selection, causing the disparate impact on the minority candidates. He alleged he was a vic tim of intentional disparate treatment that both violate the Title VII. In the analysis, the impact theory expects the employee or job applicant to ensure they demonstrate that an apparent employment practice affects a given group harshly. In addition, that the employment practice favors the other side without justification. The countering side, that is the employer, in this case, TVA should show that the manifest procedure relates to the employment process, an argument called â€Å"business necessity† justification.

Critical thinking ( Applying Key Criteria ) Assignment

Critical thinking ( Applying Key Criteria ) - Assignment Example The fact is that the supporters of the accused person had found that a pre- planned action is needed to prevent the opposition made by the members of AFA. The reputation of Fran Lee as the unquestioned leader of the AFA must have haunted the opposition and one can find vested interests in her serious head injury during the violence. One of the supporters of R33 group threw a hard material to Fran Lee and she was seriously injured. The conspirators have foreseen the inevitable presence of the police force in the area and their expertise is evident in the way they converted the demonstrations into violence. The police displayed neutrality towards both the groups; they kept maximum patience and they have tried to avoid violence. Critically analyzing various incidents that culminated in violence and causalities, one can see that the group Rebirth -1933 had their own vested interests behind the anti-demonstration; they wanted to praise the accused person and for this purpose they planned a secret plot against the Anti Fascist Alliance (AFA). According to the lawyer Fran Lee was injured by the police because the police have used their batons to suppress the violence. It is clear that the lawyer is biased; he could be an ardent supporter of the accused person and he tries to divert the issue through complaining against the police. The event is a pre-planned action committed by the members of R33 for hiding their leader’s fault. Analyzing the given article one can find that the paper demonstrates the events of a serious political crisis that culminated in violence and immediate conflicts. The incident also highlights that the ability of people to observe such things as this varies; the comments and descri ptions of the people who witnessed the violence contrast each other. It is clear that each of them have their own view points and predictions about the incidents and this underlines that people tend to be more of biased than neutral in their

Group Support Systems Essay Example for Free

Group Support Systems Essay Group Support System is technology that is solely designed to spur the work of groups. It can be used to cooperate, compete, negotiate, coordinate, communicate or solve problems. Whilst conventional technologies, such as the telephone qualify as GSS, the term is customarily used in reference to a definite class of technologies relying on contemporary computer networks like newsgroups, email, chat or videophones. GSSs have the ability to reduce communication barriers, thereby improving organizational effectiveness. The technology facilitates clearer, faster and more persuasive communication and allows communication where it wouldn’t otherwise be feasible or possible. What’s more, Group Support Systems facilitate new-fangled means of communication like structured interactions and anonymous interchanges, in so doing, they significantly reduce communication barriers. Similarly, Group Support Systems enhance team productivity in the organization by allowing team members to collaborate from anywhere, share contact and information instantly and access email accounts from a single inbox. Besides, GSS lessens on time-consuming phone calls, travel expenses and organizational meetings. It as well curbs expensive overnight couriers and mailings, thereby improving organizational efficient through increased productivity. Facilitating decision-making activities is one of the cardinal features of Group Support System. The technology is applauded for knowledge management and brings to fore expertise as well as multiple perspectives regarding organizational decision making. Furthermore, it leverages professional expertise in making pertinent decisions to the objectives, goals, mission and vision of an organization. Finally, the benefits of Group Support Systems that I have experienced in the workplace are diverse and far-reaching. The technology enables members to back up imperative documents in a secure location, in that way reduces risk of information loss as a result of computer theft or damage.

The Theme of the Epic Poem, Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

The Theme of Beowulf      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interpretations of Beowulf vary. In this essay I hope to state clearly some of the popularly mentioned themes running through the poem.    â€Å"Many critics feel that the speech of Hrothgar between lines 1700 and 1784 encapsulates the moral of the poem†¦.’He does not know the worse – till inside him great arrogance grows and spreads’† (Shippey 38). Hrothgar’s ominous words do come back to haunt the hero more than once. Beowulf is a braggart; he is proud, and nothing seems able to change his basic proud outlook derived from his all-powerful physical strength. Even shortly before his own defeat against the fire-dragon, our hero is recalling his killing of the great hero of the Hugas with his bare hands:    ever since the time,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in front of the hosts, I slew Daeghrefn,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the champion of the Hugas, with my bare hands.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He never brought back his breast-ornament  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to the Frisian king: the standard-bearer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   fell in combat a prince, in valor;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   no edge killed him my hand-grip crushed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   his beating heart, his life’s bone-house (2501-09).    Yes, Beowulf was full of pride and self-confidence; this made him impetuous in his actions. Regarding the dragon, â€Å"its strength and fire seemed nothing at all to the strong old king†(2348-49); before facing the dragon, he was reminiscing about his valour in combat against the Hetware and how he alone had escaped:    Lines 2354-68:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nor was it the least hand-to-hand comba... ...some of the viewpoints on this topic.    BIBLIOGRAPHY    Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977.    Kaske, R.E.. â€Å"The Governing Theme of Beowulf.† In Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975    Leyerle, John. â€Å"The Conflicting Demands of Heroic Strength and Kingly Wisdom.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.    Shippey, T.A.. â€Å"The World of the Poem.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Tolkien, J.R.R.. â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.            

A Border Passage Quotes and Reflections

A Border Passage-Quotes and Reflections â€Å"And I found myself angry also at her sister, my mother and aunts, their eyes swollen and red, receiving condolences in the rooms for women. Why are you crying now? I thought. What’s the point of that? Why did you do nothing to help her all this time, why didn’t you get her out of that marriage? I thought it was their fault, that they could have done something. If they cared enough they could have done something. That is what I thought then. Now I am less categorical. (Ahmed, 120) -I thought this quote was important because it shows the role of women being secondary to men. Aida was stuck in the unhappy marriage because she was a woman and her father would not have her divorcing. From Ahmed’s view, as a child, she is confused, as most would be, as to why the family she trusts so much would not help Aida but continues to grieve for her. She says she is now â€Å"less categorical†.Does that mean she now realizes there is not much the women could have done because they did not have power? â€Å"For one thing, we all automatically assume that those who write and who put their knowledge down in texts have something more valuable to offer than those who simply live their knowledge and use it to inform their lives. And we assume that those who write and interpret texts in writing—in the Muslim context, the sheikhs and ayatollahs, who are the guardians and perpetuators (perpetrators) of this written version of Islam—must have a better, truer, deeper understanding of Islam that the non-specifically trained Muslim. (Ahmed, 128-129) -Ahmed is pointing out that the ones who study and write about Islam are not necessarily the ones who know it best. This can be applied to all religions and even other ideas. Ahmed got a much better, richer understanding of Islam from the women in her family which was much more accessible because it could be applied to decisions in morality of everyday lif e. This idea that not just the well educated men know about religion is something that should not be overlooked.In fact we all have something unique to bring to the table on a subject, especially religion and it would be useful for the men to listen to other’s opinions. -â€Å"What I hanker for now is hearing it live, Arabic music but also other non-Western music, particularly Indian, and not only classical instrumental Indian music but other varieties too—table, dance, mawali (ecstatic song), music of presence and community, and of audience and musicians together, and of being here, now, in body, mind, spirit.Not a music to be appreciated silently, intellectually, privately and then discussed in connoisseurs’ murmurs as we file out. † (Ahmed, 153) – This quote really moved me because it made me think of international music compared to familiar music. The best way to enjoy music is to feel it with family and friends around and join in singing and d ancing. And it made me wonder why don’t I do that more often with family? There’s something about it that seems improper but it shouldn’t be.It is getting old fashioned to be able to dance with a boyfriend or girlfriend (unless inappropriately at a club) and it shouldn’t be, why has this changed? I also like this quote because it expresses something that Ahmed originally tried to reject because it wasn’t what was popular but now longed for because it was part of her culture. -â€Å"Colonialism, we have seen, reshapes, often violently, physical territories, social terrains as well as human identities. As the Caribbean novelist George Lamming, put it, ‘the colonial experience is a live experience is the consciousness of these people’. (Looma, 155) -This quotes help us explain Ahmed’s parent’s identities as shaped by Britain. Specifically Ahmed’s father, who keeps his Muslim religion but is totally emerged in the new sciences and technology of the Western world, finds his identity shaped by colonialism. Ahmed now finds it harder to compose an identity with as much of her Cairo roots she would like. She has not received the same amount of knowledge about the language or history that her parents have and she must struggle to find her own identity.