The Power of One :: essays research papers

In the novel The Power of One by Bryce Courtenay, heroism is expressed in many different ways and in different characters. According to the dictionary a hero is defined as a man of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his brave championship and noble qualities (Webster). Forms of Heroism are expressed in ways such as, bravery, determination and intelligence. Peekay, the main character, shows heroism in many ways such as bravery. Peekay has to stand up to the valuate and many others when he was young at a boarding school. Peekay had to go through a lot of torture from the Judge and other kids, and he took it so well it shows bravery and the kind of person he is. Anyone who send away go through torture such as that should be considered a brave hero. Hoppie showed bravery to Peekay by saying, first with head, then with heart (Courtenay, 103). This was a tip Hoppie, another packer, gave to Peekay that helped him stay relaxed and brave when in a fight. Peekay can not only use Hoppies quote while in a fight, but also in his life. Peekays bravery showed how Peekay would be defined as a hero. Determination is shown in many different characters, but mainly in Peekay. For example, Peekay was determined to become an extravagant boxer just like Hoppie. He had to traverse many childhood fears that he had. He was determined to be a great boxer just like Hoppie. Determination brought Peekay to becoming the champion boxer of South Africa. Peekays intelligence was one of the main things that make him a hero. He is intelligent in a way that he overcame his oppression. Meaning he overcame his weakest points in life, his mental scaring. Peekay showed it by leaving a physical scar on the Judge. Peekay had to fight the Judge and by using his intelligence to overcome his weakest fear he crossed out the Judges Swastika tattoo and carved his initials and the British flag instead. Peekay knew that by doing this it would help him overcome his fear.

The Colour Purple - Spirituality & Religion :: essays research papers

Alice Walker states that The tinct Purple remains for her the theological work examining the travel from the religious back to the spiritual. How successful is she in revealing her purpose to the reader?In the preface to the Colour Purple Walker identifies her religious phylogenesis as the inspiration for her novel and labels religion and spirituality as the principle themes in the book. There are a number of principle characters who complete this journey however in many instances the religious element of the novel is overshadowed by other prominent themes such as personal development, female relationships and racial issues. These must(prenominal) be taken into consideration when assessing Walkers success in delivering her theological message to her readers.Religion is an extremely broad term, in the context of The Colour Purple, Walkers idea of religion is church based Christianity in which God is presented through the bible as a white man. Although the church is set in a blac k community, the teachings of the church are derived from the teachings of white people. Celie discovers throughout the novel that she, like Shug, can not find God in this anatomy of church that is based on patriarchal religion but searches for him elsewhere. Walkers personal concept of spirituality is pantheism, the idea that God is in whole living things at bottom nature including people. Celie learns from Shug and through her own development that God is within her and she benefits far more from her own spirituality than from the structured religion within the community.Celie is not the only character to undergo a change in her religious outlook and complete the journey from the religious to the spiritual. Nettie also is brought up as a devout believer in the Christian church however throughout her time in Africa and with the help of the Olinka people she discovers a newfangled more internal form of religion similar to Celies new found spirituality. The journey from the religi ous back to the spiritual is reflected in the distance in the midst of the white missionaries in Britain and America and the African tribes. The missionaries represent the formal white church and the Olinka fulfilling the idea of pantheist spirituality. This is a journey Nettie makes physically and spiritually. Shug and Mr.s views on religion also change during the novel, and as Walker intends, all make this journey with courage and the help of others.At the beginning of the book Celie announces her dependence on God by recognising that she can tell nobody but God about the abuse she is receiving from her stepfather.

The Articles of Confederation Essay -- American History, Federal Gover

The Continental Congress between the years of 1776 and 1777 decided that the way of lively was non suitable. After all had decided they drafted together, what we call The Articles of Confederation the document that defined the colonies collective sovereignty drafted by the Continental Congress between 1776 and 1777, hence ratified by the thirteen states in 1781(Schultz 115). There was experimentation that was being done in the states that didnt affect The Articles of Confederation. There wasnt much change, as it was about the same from the late 1770s. The Articles provided each state their independence and granting very minimal power to the main federal government.Under the Articles of Confederation, there were powers strictly reserved for the Federal Government. All of the powers were placed in one legislature, which was followed under the Continental Congress. There was also no separation of powers along with no president, monarch or prime minister to be the executive power. In stead there was a committee of the state, which was one representative from each state that was on this committee. Being the intimately civilized authority it didnt allow much power. However the Continental Congress has five powers under the Articles of Confederation (I) to declare war and make quietness (2) to make inter populational treaties (3) to control Indian affairs in the West (4) to establish a currency and (5) to create and maintain a postal dish up (Schultz 115). Under the powers reserved for the states they had all rights to levy taxes and regulate commerce. In order to conduct war these were the two most important things needed because money was always moving in and out. However, under the Articles of Confederation, it couldnt do anyt... ...at took years and much thought. From the start with the Continental Congress to the Articles of Confederation, which then lead to the Constitution. There were weaknesses of the Articles that were resolved in the Constitution. Th e ability to raise funds was changed in the Constitution because they were able to have one solid currency this then limited out much of the debt that the nation was previously involved in. Having the ability to tax because of debt was tried in the Articles however, in the Constitution it was given to the Legislative branch, with the ability to tax an individual person not just the state. The Executive branch, took over the ability to internal trade from the Articles of Confederation. They declared one person the power and the higher authority, unlike the Articles. The United States Constitution started a new government restricted nation.

Al Capone: One Of The Most Ruthless Men Of All Time Essay -- essays r

Al Capone One of the Most Ruthless Men of All TimeThe ultimate symbol of a bunchster rule, is a guy by the name of Al Capone, who dominated the Chicago underworld by committing many crimes such as illegal gambling, extortion, prostitution, and alcohol distribution during prohibition. Capones smell of gang activity started at a very young age. He created a multi-million dollar empire of crime in Chicago. He has been referred to as one of the intimately ruthless men of all time (Stockdale 45). He was a smart businessman, good family man, and a generous person, that lived a life full of murders and other crimes.Gabriele Capone was a barber that lived in Naples, Italy who decided to escape a bleak rural life in the promise of work and success in the New World. He was one of 43,000 Italians who arrived in the U.S. in 1894 (Stockdale 7-8). Gabriele was 30 years old and he brought his 27-year-old wife, Teresina and their three sons. He was planning to start a barbershop when he got to A merica. On January 17, 1899, Teresina gave acquit to their fourth son named Alphonse Capone (Bardsley 2). The Capone family lived a very normal life with no problems or events that would explain why their sons chose a life of crime. In 1907, Gabriel moved his family into an flat over his barbershop in an Italian district in south Brooklyn. This move exposed Alphonse to a different kind of life on the streets. He became a member of a junior gang called the Forty Thieves Juniors, which taught its members the art of petty vandalism. The gang taught him how to use violence to get what you want. When he was 14 years old, Al got expelled from school and neer went back after he got mad at his teacher and hit her. By this time, Al Capone was destined to live a life of crime (Stockdale 9-11).By the time Al was 14 years old, he was an experienced streetfighter and had learned how to use a knife and gun successfully. He became a good leader of the junior gang and was introduced to the Five P oints Gang in Brooklyn by Frankie Yale and John Torrio. He began working for Frankie Yale who was an important figure in the big gang in Brooklyn. Al was 16 years old and was helping control Yales prostitution, gambling, extortion, and protection rackets (Schoenberg 23-25). Al Capone worked at the Harvard Inn as ... ...). Capone never went back to doing any gang activity because of his illness. Then on January 21, 1948, Al Capone suffered a massive brain hemorrhage. Capone regained consciousness and was able to talk with his family. Then a few days later he caught pneumonia and died of a heart attack on January 25. His body was buried in Chicago on February 4. The site of his cogent became a famous tourist attraction so they moved the body to an unpublicized spot in Mount Carmel Cemetery. His tombstone read, My Jesus Mercy (Bergreen 605-609).Public aid is my motto. Ninety percent of the people in Chicago drink and gamble. Ive tried to serve them decent liquor and square games. B ut Im not appreciated. Im known all over the world as a millionaire gorilla, said Al Capone (Bergreen 16). Alphonse Capone redefined the concept of crime into an organized purpose modeled on corporate enterprise (Stockdale 45). He dominated the Chicago underworld through illegal gambling, extortion, prostitution, and alcohol distribution. Capone eliminated all of his opponents and avoided prosecution for the crimes that he committed. He was the ultimate symbol of a gangster rule.

Christmas Gifts You Love (to Hate) :: essays research papers

Christmas Gifts You Love (to Hate)Zack ImusChristmas. The most exciting and anticipated holiday of the year. A timewhen visions of sugar plums--or stereos, new cars, the latest computer, andvarious other desirable and expensive gifts--dance through our heads.Unfortunately the reality of Christmas gift-giving is often a far squall from ourvisions.When were children, it seems as the holidays approach that anything ispossible. But as we mature and gain experience with this annual observance iteventually begins to dawn on us that it king not always be all its cracked upto be. By the time weve reached our late teens--when, coincidentally, thepotential for receiving truly outstanding gifts is optimized--we realize thatChristmas gifts are seldom what we apply for. In fact, from year to year itbecomes possible to actually predict the kinds of gifts youll unwrap onChristmas morning. Lets look at a few examples.The Necessity GiftThe compulsion gift is one that always seems like a really g reat idea toyour mother or grandmother, but which is invariably a big breathe to unwrap. Letsbe realistic, how excited is anybody likely to get over a dozen pairs ofmatching socks, a hairbrush, winter gloves or underwear? Slipper Sox, new cruisesets and toothbrushes also qualify. After unwrapping such a gift, a person islikely to exclaim "Gosh, you shouldnt have" And mean it.The Token GiftThe Token Gift might be received from almost anyone. Though it seems likean intimate friend or close relative wouldnt stoop so low, experience provesthat token gifts put on up where imagination and/or money leaves off. So itspossible to receive these kinds of gifts from the most unexpected sources.One present in this category is the ever favorite "soap-on-a-rope." Ivenever seen these marketed in June. But come early November the soap factoriesundoubtedly pay double-double overtime to their workers in order to meet thevast holiday collect for nameless, pungent-smelling brown soa p manufactured overthe top of what appears to be a six-foot-long shoe-string. A note of cautionSoap-on-a-rope should never be given to boys under the come on of 12. Theyinvariably turn them into near-lethal weapons. If disappointed enough, theymight even turn them on you.Other token gifts include cheap aftershave lotion/cologne, stationery, andthe ever-popular electric shaver. Though this latter(prenominal) might occasionally fit intothe Necessity Gift category, Ive never met anyone who actually uses an electricshaver. For this reason, this gift might also fit into our next category.The Closet taxidermist GiftCloset Stuffers are exactly what they sound like gifts that are stuffed

Christmas Gifts You Love (to Hate) :: essays research papers

Christmas Gifts You Love (to Hate)Zack ImusChristmas. The most exciting and anticipated holiday of the twelvemonth. A timewhen visions of sugar plums--or stereos, modern cars, the latest computer, andvarious other desirable and expensive gifts--dance through our heads.Unfortunately the reality of Christmas gift-giving is often a far cry from ourvisions.When were children, it seems as the holidays approach that anything ispossible. precisely as we mature and gain experience with this annual observance iteventuall(a)y begins to dawn on us that it might not constantly be all its cracked upto be. By the time weve reached our late teens--when, coincidentally, thepotential for receiving truly outstanding gifts is optimized--we realize thatChristmas gifts be seldom what we hope for. In fact, from year to year itbecomes possible to actually predict the kinds of gifts youll unwrap onChristmas morning. Lets look at a few examples.The Necessity GiftThe necessity gift is one that always see ms like a really great idea toyour mother or grandmother, but which is invariably a big yawn to unwrap. Letsbe realistic, how excited is anybody possible to get over a dozen pairs ofmatching socks, a hairbrush, winter gloves or underwear? Slipper Sox, new sheetsets and toothbrushes also qualify. After unwrapping such(prenominal) a gift, a person islikely to exclaim "Gosh, you shouldnt have" And mean it.The Token GiftThe Token Gift might be received from close anyone. Though it seems likean intimate friend or close relative wouldnt stoop so low, experience provesthat token gifts take up where imagination and/or money leaves off. So itspossible to receive these kinds of gifts from the most unexpected sources.One present in this category is the ever popular "soap-on-a-rope." Ivenever seen these marketed in June. plainly come early November the soap factoriesundoubtedly pay double-double overtime to their workers in order to meet thevast holiday demand for nameless, p ungent-smelling brown soap manufacture overthe top of what appears to be a six-foot-long shoe-string. A note of cautionSoap-on-a-rope should never be given to boys under the age of 12. Theyinvariably turn them into near-lethal weapons. If thwarted enough, theymight even turn them on you.Other token gifts include cheap aftershave lotion/cologne, stationery, andthe ever-popular electric shaver. Though this latter might occasionally control intothe Necessity Gift category, Ive never met anyone who actually uses an electricshaver. For this reason, this gift might also fit into our next category.The Closet Stuffer GiftCloset Stuffers are exactly what they sound like gifts that are stuffed

Media: The Fourth Pillar of Democracy Essay

Today, media is considered the fourth pillar of the state all over the world premier(prenominal) and foremost British Member of Parliament Lord Macaulay had given over this status to the media. In any republican government system, there must be triad administrative bodies, 1- Parliament, 2- Administrative department, 3- Judiciary body. In the absence seizure of any of these three bodies, the government cannot run systematically, but now it is felt that one body to a greater extent is necessary to be with them, that is media.This body is considered more important these days, it plays an important use as an informative bridge between governing bodies and general public, in absence of media general public cannot know about what kind of bills and acts are passed in the parliament, and what are their positive and negative effects in the society. If media person close their eye the government officials will do what they want, so media plays a very important and impartial role between g overnment activities and general public, so much so that it is said that the freedom of media is the guarantee of success for a government. Below mentioned are a fewer recent incidents in which media played a key role and established itself as the fourth pillar of democracy. Delhi Rape CaseThe media played an important part in raising a debate on womens safety. As the news of the rape broke, the media went into frenzy, not just in tracking the case but in leading tribe to introspect. A responsible sectionalisation of the media asked people to be part of radical reforms the dry land required while it continued to give expression to the public grief, the mourning and reconciliation as people watched in horror the victims final moments. As the movement to bring the gang rape victim to justice went viral, the nation saw a major confess that spread on streets across the country. The media extensively covered the demonstrations, following the protesters giving their demands for justi ce a voice and bringing them to the centre of the political debate. It exposed the growing crime statistics, especially in Delhi, against women.The media led bare the growing frustrations of an entire emerging aspirational urban class and generation Rapes that are victorious place are being continuously reported in major newspapers with more prominence than before, even though they are not always given the front page coverage. One is assured that the December 16 gang rape incident will continue to be a milestone when finish issues related to womens safety. This movement goes to prove that the democracys fourth pillar can transform incidents of national shame to national justice by establishing confidence in institutions that have been created to protect the citizens of the country. The Anna Hazare MovementThe news media, particularly, the TV channels have played a key role in care up the tempo of the movement by ensuring round the clock coverage, they ensured that the protests oc cured across the country and there was a mass frenzy. Even though the channels didnt state much about merits and demerits of the proposed institution of Lokpal or educated citizens about the implications of the ombudsman, TV and newspapers were visibly the driving force behind the anti-corruption movement. The movement was a perfective example of how media can be used effectively. Though the propriety regarding active participation of news media in a movement is debatable, it is true to an extent that Indian media has voluntarily become a party, a sort of participant, in this drive for Jan Lokpal Bill. The Egyptian revolutionThe Egyptian revolution began on Facebook with a call to protest in Cairos Tahrir Square. Protesters used Twitter to manoeuvre around police and reach the area. People arrived at the location expecting to see a few hundred like-minded individuals. Instead, they found a few hundred-thousand. Until they reached the square, Egyptian dissidents had no clue of their strength. It was a remarkable indication of the power of social networks as a political organizing tool, as has been seen in many uprisings sweeping North Africa and the Middle East. Around 20 million people in Egypt, or about one-quarter of the countrys population, are on the Internet. Early in the political unrest, the Egyptian government attempted to block Facebook and Twitter, then took the unprecedented step of shutting subject Internet access in the country altogether. The cyberspace blackout lasted a hebdomad but could not thwart the revolution. President Hosni Mubarak stepped down a week later.

Politician qualities Essay

A Politician qualities be his characters that is natural, while some of the qualities are as a result of external influences. Promising political leaders qualities are a great deal backed by skills, experiences, intelligence, integrity, with instincts -all combined together to achieve their goals. First and foremost, the best timber of a pol is honesty, God fearing and loving. A faithful and effective politician is assuranceworthy and reliable. He must capture the essence of truth, display sincerity, candor and practices what he preaches. He makes decisions and accepts responsibility for his actions and his words. The same is true in his dealing with his people. He makes promises and keeps those promises. Somebody that people may be relied upon. Loving people with all his heart, might, mind, soul and striving to help them as a true mark of trusty politician. Moreover, a fake politician, result after taken the oath office with the Holy book and lousy thanksgiving services, use their power as an sack in itself, rather than for public skinny, making them indifferent to the progress of their citizens.A total politician becomes the image of his creator. A trade good and responsible politician will give high regard for morality, law abiding with no tendencies to corrupt even a single cent or kobo. The greatest strength of good politicians is deriving joy in serving people and not to steal tax payers money. They know that a fulfilling and meaningful life is created by service to others. To be an effective politician, your followers must have trust in you. And the very best way for a politician to build trust is to display good sense of characters and qualities composed of values, beliefs, traits and skills. Another important quality of a good politician is integrity and technical skills to cut intole those challenging assignments, financial matters, policies, plans, projects, ideas and initiative solutions to problems. Integrity is consistency of action s, methods, measures, values, principles, expectations and bring outcomes. It is doing what is right, both legally and morally at all-time even when no one is looking. Since politicians play very significant roles in the administrative processes, especially having hands in thousands of important laws and policies to their communities and country, thereby they should be well-educated, modest, with experience in social offbeat, volunteering or should have done some good work for the society.A politician should have athorough knowledge and up-to-date information about the constituency where he is going to contest an election. A good politician should be of a well discipline personality with selfless service to make live erupt for his people. This should be reflected in the community where he lives in all ramifications. Discipline is necessary for an orderly society and political life, without it, the social life would become miserable. A selfless service is putting the welfare of th e people representing before your own. Winston Churchill described it as the first of all human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees all others. A good politician firmly believes in fetching care and maintaining the community of his people. He believes that community service is about giving back. According to Theodore Roosevelt, the most successful politician is he who says what the people are thought process most often in the loudest voice. A person or politician who is with criminal background, or any links with criminals or whose allegation on corruption has not been cleared by the law court should be disqualified to participate in elections. Responsibility and party loyalty is another quality of responsible politician in a democratic state.A transparent politician is nearer to his people and meeting them to understand their problems. Only fake politicians are seen by voters when an election is near or change parties as footballers change clubs. As every parent has its responsibility to teach their children the principles of moral, culture, truth, sincerity to be self- responsible, so politicians need to integrate its citizens with importance of political responsibility and democratic values. A politician leads by example and knows his minimum responsibilities as an elected representative. A politician comes to politics to work for his constituents and not to work against them. He is the beck and call of the people and ready to listen to everybody.All these build a strong foundation for a dynamic society which will create solutions for any challenges, and finally develop strategies and political systems that will help implement those solutions automatically. He is quick to give hand to his fellow man. A reliable politician should be very loyal and committed to his party which shares his vision and goals. The value of loyalty simply depends on trust. A citizen should belong to a party with most brilliant, skillful, patriotic and dynamic peo ple with common goals and aspirations. Team work best when they have common goals, mutual honour and understanding of each partymembers strength.Politics is to unite and reach consensus and not to divide or create enimity among people. Power is only a product of collective action. Finally, to become a great politician or statesman, you have to use your talents, skills, experiences, honesty, integrity, challenges and constraints with the positive effect that we can have in speck other human lives. Politician must leave his constituency better than before elected. Greatness is within reach of a politician who consistently do things they out to be doing. He learns from mistakes and criticisms. It is a bad politician that will see that all the good is in his side and that all the bad lies with his opponent or just because someone does not agree with him, does not mean that all their ideas and solutions are bad. Good politicians show respect to the views and experience of others.Nobody has a monopoly of wisdom. He/she who aspires to be a great politician should have the ability to find and analyses problems in their constituency and find the best solutions for all these problems. There is no problem in this world without solutions. A good politician knows that simply giving consistent effort in the little task of services, social reforms, kindness or have in day-to-day life leads to true greatness of a nation. If all politicians make it a point of responsibility to develop and make life better for people in their units, wards, constituencies, states and regions-we will definitely have a great country.

Discuss the essential elements of a valid contract? Essay

AnsSection 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines a contract as an engagement enforceable by fairness. Section 2(e) defines savvy as every herald and every set of promises forming consideration for each other. Section2(b) defines promise in the word When the person to whom the proposal ismade signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposalwhen accepted becomes a promise.From the above definition of promise, it is obvious that an obligation is anaccepted proposal. The two elements of an organisation argon1 Offer of a proposal.2 An acceptance of that ecstasy or proposal.What agreement are contracts? All agreements are not studied under the Indian Contract Act, assome of them are not contracts. The Contract Act is the law of thoseagreements, which bring out obligations, and in case of a breech of a promise byone party to the agreement, the other has a legal remedy. Thus, a contract consists of two elements,1.An agreement2.Legal Obligations i .e. It should be enforceable at lawHowever, there are some agreements, which are not enforceable in a law court.Such agreements donot rise to contractual obligations and are not contracts.Essential Elements of Valid ContractsAll agreements are contracts if they are made by free consent of parties,Competent to contract, for a rule-governed consideration and with a lawful object and are not here by expresslydeclared to be void.Thus the essential elements of a valid contract can be summed up as follows1.Agreement2.Intensions to create legal relationships3.Free and genuine consents4.Parties competent to contract5.Lawful considerations6.Lawful Objects7.Agreements not declared void or illegal8.Certainty of meaning9.Possibility of performance10.Necessary illegal formalitiesAgreementAs already mentioned, to constitute a contract there essential be an agreement. An agreement is composed of two elements, Offer and Acceptance.The party making the offer is cognize as a offeror, the party to w hom the offer ismade is know as the offree. Thus, there are essentially to be two parties to anagreement. They both must be intellection of the same thing in the same sense. Inother words, there must be consensus-ad-idem.Intensions to Create Legal Relationships As already mentioned there should be an intension on the part of the parties to the agreement to create a legalrelationship. An agreement is purely social or domestic nature is not a contract.Free and Genuine admitThe consent of the parties to the agreement mustbe free and genuine. The consent of the parties should not be obtained bymisrepresentation, fraud, undue influence, coercion or mistake. If the consent isobtained by any of these flaws, then the contract is not valid.Parties Competent to ContractThese parties to a contract should be competent to enter to a contract. According to section 11 ,every person iscompetent to contract if he, (1) Is of the age of majority, (2) Is plump mind, and (3) Is not disqualified from c ontracting by any law to which he is subject. Thus,there may be a flaw in capacity of parties to the contract. The flaw in capacitymay be due to minority, lunacy, idiocy, drunkenness or status. If a party to acontract suffers from any of these flaws, the contract is anunenforceable except in certain exceptional circumstances.Lawful ConsiderationsThe agreement must be back up by consideration onboth sides. Each party to the agreement must give or promise something and receive something or promise in return. Consideration is the price for which thepromise of the order is sought. However, this price need not be in terms of money. In case promise is not supported by consideration, the promise will beNudum Pactum (a bare promise) and is not enforceable at law. Moreover theconsideration must be real and lawful.Lawful ObjectsThe object of the agreement must be lawful and not one which the law dis-approves.Agreements not Declared Illegal or Void There are certain agreements, which have bee n expressly declared illegal or void by the law. In such cases,even if the agreement possesses all the element of a valid agreement, theagreement will not be enforceable at law.Certainty of MeaningThe meaning of agreement must be certain or capable of being certain otherwise the agreement will not be enforceable at law.

Federal Employees and USERRA

Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve (ESGR) regularly fields inquiries regarding the uniform assistants Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) from wait on members employed by the Federal Government and from the Federal Government about a service member employee. A vast majority of these questions relate to the application of certain USERRA requirements at the Federal workplace.To add to the complexity of USERRAs application in the Federal workplace, the Office of staff office Management (OPM) regulation provides additional, non-USERRA required benefits to service member employees when exerciseing certain types of phalanx service. Discussion Primarily six (concerns/issues) are regularly raised by service member employees and federal government employers regarding USERRA. ESGR does non have the full view associated with USERRA claims because service members have multiple redress avenues for their USERRA issues or concerns.However, ESGR believes that targeted educat ion and education focused on the six areas below will greatly ignore USERRA cases in the federal government by service member employees. Mandatory USERRA genteelness that specifically includes OPMs military leave benefits, monitored and tracked similar to the Information Assurance or government Ethics, or Sexual Harassment dressing would reduce federal USERRA cases.Frequent Concerns of Service member employees and Federal employer Issue 1 Service members feel that they are not properly reinstated to the appropriate position upon shutting of military service * Federal agencies fail to reinstate returning service member due to position universe filled or position being cut * Service members are not considered for promotional opportunities, miss interviews, face closed application periods upon return from military service * Recommended planning focus 20 CFR 1002. 191-199 and 5 CRF 353. 207 to understand reinstatement position requirements * 20 CFR 1002. 193 (b) and 5 CFR 353. 10 6 (c) regarding promotional opportunities Issue 2 Request for orders with service members name/documentation to mount attendance in move on of service or following service lasting less than 30 days * USERRA does not require documentation to perform service in a leave without pay status * This issue relates to OPMs stipendiary military leave benefit.In order to receive paid leave, the agency must have documentation of service and the service must be for the purpose of active duty or active duty training * Service members do not always receive documentation in advance, or have been advised that documentation cannot be required from an employer in advance of service by law * Employers assume that since documentation is required to receive paid military leave, it should be required at all times for agreement * Recommended training focus* Highlight 20 CFR 1002. 85, 1002. 121-123 form with OPM regarding paid time off and requirements to take advantage of benefit * Understand LWOP and LWOP US requirements and that penalty cannot have it off to SM with advanced verbal/written notice in any format Issue 3 Service members feel discriminated against due to past, present or future military service * Service members communicate that with knowledge of upcoming service, they are harassed, denied opportunities (i. e. training, consideration for advancement), and treated differently from their peers * Federal agencies must in free in managers and supervisors that discrimination is unlawful * Recommended training focus 20 CFR 1002. 18-23 and 353. 202 defining anti-discrimination under USERRA Issue 4 two service members and federal employer have questions about what is / is not exempt from five year service sic* Most but not all orders will indicate exemptions from the five year service limit * Much of service performed in the last ten years in support of the Global War on Terror is considered exempt service * Service members are not aware that retirement from military service can disqualify service member from reinstatement due to career status with military * Recommended training focus 20 CFR 1002. 99-103 and Secretary memos * Educate SM regarding career service retirements and the potential issues when returning to work Issue 5 Federal Employers misunderstand timelines to report back to work * Federal employers have stated confusion regarding application for reemployment as defined by law. Since he service member was never separated, roughly agencies feel that the member does not need additional time to reapply * Concerned agencies wonder what status the service member should be held in during this time * Both Federal employers and the service members have confusion about the relation of their return to work date and the five days paid administrative leave for eventuality operations.* Recommended training focus * 20 CFR 1002. 115-1002. 119 and 5 CFR 353. 05 to understand the definitions of application and reemployment * Coordinate with OPM reg arding status to determine if the service member maintain LWOP-US status until returned to work * Coordinate with OPM regarding five days of leave administrative leave and its coordination with return to work dates Issue 6 Health benefits are not properly stopped, restarted with military service absences * Federal employers will continue health benefits when performing certain contingency missions, but sometimes fail to terminate benefits without affirmative action from the service member * Reinstatement of benefits can be delayed Suspension of and reinstatement of vision / dental FEBH benefits must be done separately from health benefits, but are still covered by the law. * Recommended training focus * 20 CFR 1002. 163-171 pertaining to stopping/starting benefits * Coordination with OPM regarding what type of orders are eligible for continuation of benefits

Aggression Theory

Physical violence is one of the types of violence that may be clearly explained theory. Physical violence entails choking, grabbing, hitting, hitting with weapons or objects, kicking, obliging a person to do something involuntarily, pulling, punching, pushing, scratching, shoving, slapping, etc. (Do.., n.d.). antagonism Theory Explaining the Type of Violence ChosenExternally-stimulated Aggression is the school of Aggression Theory which can clearly explain physical violence. Externally-stimulated Aggression begins with the premise that aggression occurs because of innate predispositions as well as external stimuli (Smith, 1999).The external stimuli referred to here is technically known as frustration (Types, n.d.). Explaining further, lets take the following exampleLets look into my fathers motivation of fear, misgiving, and violence which all contributed largely to his frustrations. My father has al substances been a violent individual. He flares up over little frustrations like1) when mother asks how utility bills are going to be paid this time2) when my big comrade complains about how small our house is3) when my little sister asks him to help get something at the top of the closet4) when I ask him not to hurt or yell at my mother etc.It all started when he resigned in 1983 as a city engineer and he puts up his own and went into private manife site instead. This new business/job of his, however, is not helpful since it is crooked, unlike when he was working for the government where he receives a fixed monthly income.In fact, it is in like manner irregular that he cannot even provide the familys basic needs like food, school supplies, health insurance etc. Sometimes he has clients who would pay him to take in their houses, swimming pools, renovate their homes, etc, however, most of the time he does not have anything to do, thus, most of the time he doesnt have money.He gets bilk, and depressed, whence drinks, or proceeds to the casino to play poker an d does not come home until early morning. He became an alcoholic, and he also became addicted to poker. He still gets contracts to framing houses and other infrastructure projects but he only obliges to the most expensive ones.Because he is too picky, there were only a number of offers coming in then until no offers were coming in at all, which of course contributed largely to his frustrations. Even though large infrastructure projects were coming in then and the simoleons were a bit high, my father still cannot contribute to the familys needs.This is because when he gets a contract, he tends to make a loan without even making authentic if it is worth it. What happened was he earned but his debts were thrice his gains. He sucked money from his friends but these were not enough to pay off everything.In the end, he was sued for bouncing checks. He was also sued by his friends. We lost some of our properties because of the aforementioned as well.Since then he became so frustrated a nd fearful, he would not come out of the way when he hears that some bulk knock over at our gate and then throws whatever he gets hold of, kicks whatever is avail equal to(p), or hit whomever is in the room with him.He feels that every time somebody comes over to visit, these people are either arresting officers who are going to invite him down to the police station for questioning or people whom he promised hed pay back on that certain day.What he would do is to ask my mother to go outside and tell them he is not home (which makes me so scared since somebody might just hurt my mom for all her alibis or the peoples anger might be transferred to her and she would be the one to get hurt).This situation of ours became worse as days go by. He became so frustrated he would slap my mother when my mother refuses to give him money he would spend on poker, throw breakable things at us when he is too irritated with his problems, unleash his exceedingly big guard dogs inside the house to thre aten us, and unfathomable other violent acts.There are three basic conditions which contribute forth anxiety (Franken, 1994). It could be 1) Overstimulation, wherein information for a certain individual is overflowing 2) Cognitive Incongruity, wherein an individual is having difficulty reconciling with some event and 3) reception Unavailability, wherein a person does not know how to handle an excruciating situation (Franken, 1994).The three basic conditions aforementioned apply to my father. Overstimulation appears in this situation as the countless monetary problems which have too many details for him to handle. Cognitive Incongruity, on the other hand, emerges as the several cases with regards to bouncing checks and the debts he owes to other people.Response Unavailability, however, surfaces as the debts he incurs every time he gets infrastructure projects or every time he needs it. Instead of working hard and saving, his only recourse is to borrow money which causes his downfa ll.This only shows as well that he does not know how to handle a difficult situation which is what exactly termed as Response Unavailability. And this increases his anxiety and frustrations.Reduction or Elimination of ViolenceFortunately, there are ways to reduce, if not totally eliminate violence as suggested by the Theory of Aggression utilizedIt is definitive for my father, for example, to focus on the other components of the frustrating stimulus than the frustration (Dugan, 2004).Instead of losing control over the irrepressible and uncontainable occurrences or instead of believing that there is no way to solve the problem, he should be self-certain meaning not only knowing his strengths but both strengths and weaknesses since if that is the case then he would not be able to cope with any stressful incident in his life since a solution to a problem is only devised when he turns his anxiety into fear and then deal with the other components of the frustration that has been produce d (Franken, 2004).ReferencesDo You Have A Problem With Violence? (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2007 from http//www.daniel-sonkin.com/violence.htmlDugan, M.A. (2004). Aggression. Retrieved September 8, 2007 from http//www.beyondintractability.org/essay/aggression/Franken, R. E. (1994). Human Motivation, 3rd ed. CA digest/Cole Publishing Company.Smith, A.K. (1999). Theories of Aggression. Retrieved September 8, 2007 from http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/Smith.htmlTypes of Aggression. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2007 fromhttp//209.85.165.104/search?q=cacheq5ApqUItbrcJpsych.fullerton.edu/navarick/aggression.ppt+theories+of+aggression&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=ph&client=firefox-a

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbour in 1941? Essay

In December 1941, the japanese struck. A well-coordinated series of flak catchers across the Pacific, most notably the American naval old bag of Hawaii, bringing ab proscribed japanese dominance in South East Asia sending a direct message to the oppressive west. Japan for a real period of time had been viewed by the US and its western allies as a major threat in the Pacific, and as a direct consequence of a series of the events tensions boiling point was reached and the climax of nearly 1/2 a century of rivalry exploded. The Great War destroyed the seven-sided balance of mightiness in East Asia and leave Japan and the United States directly confronting each other across the Pacific Japans keep growth as the leading industrial giant in Asia, allowed an increase in global supply but to the Japanese they were never recognised in the manner in which they believed they deserved. Americas realization that this growth could threaten their superiority led to a number of subjective d ecisivenesss but where they left too slow, so late in fact that it was a point of no return, the imperialistic mindset of the Japanese was too full of honor to back down in the aspect of what seemed uncertainty.In the years succeeding the Great War, Japan had embarked on a meteoric rise in its industrial power, and wage increase concurrently was their global power this was all achieved under the control of Emperor Hirohito, a man determined to meet Japans goals on the Asian main husbandry. Nevertheless, this industrial growth would not have been workable without the importation of a number of vital commodities such as oil and aviation fuel. These commodities were imported primarily from the US and if not directly from the Americans from a solid ground allied to the isolationist giant. Yet the US was not blind to the progress of the small island of Japan, the sudden increase had not g whizz unnoticed and at the capital letter Conference of 1921 a report was released that descri bed Japans naval armament as a silent power with which is affaird to deter the United States, in retort to this the Americans ensured that the Japanese naval power was restricted to a position weaker than that of their own. Within Japan this was met with a feeling of aggravation with her status not being observed as that of a major global power and not for the first time, Japan had been in a similar position following the Treaty of Versailles with land they had captured in the war being returned and her foreign ambitions once again quelled.Japan was becoming cognizant that at some date, the US would interfere and disrupt Japanese goals and having been used to foreign involvement the Emperor was not going to allow for the Americans to once again change Japans ambition the political, commercial and troops dominance of the Western Pacific. This aggressive policy towards its rivals in the Pacific has been attributed to a collection of reasons that led to the attacks in December 194 1. To the Japanese they believed that they were entitled to extend their territory and with this being restricted it pushed the ruling elite into a position that, disdain experts claiming there were alternative solutions Japan only saw one and war became the most viable option to render them useless in preventing the objectives of Japan being met.Japan hence expanded into Manchuria a military move that left the country isolated internationally. This coincided with the US government banning the export of oil and scrap metals to Japan if not from a licensed company, the first steps towards a complete embargo. Once Roosevelt had given the green light for the complete embargo things began to change internally in Japan as the ultranationalists consolidation of power continued ensuring expansion was not held back. This consolidation of power by the ultranationalists was crucial in the decision to attack Pearl Harbor, they felt Japan needed to use what it had learned from WW1 and ensure a quick showdown. With no oil coming into the country they were left with no choice but to go on the military offensive to keep their booming industry alive. This embargo had put the leading figures in Japan in a position of serious decision making, they could no longer allow being disrespected on the international stage and Japan now defined the United States as its foremost enemy in terms of both capabilities and intentions.Coinciding with the embargo President Roosevelt moved the US fleet to Hawaii in order to discourage Japans expansive ambitions in the Pacific, and with the phalanx officers of Japan being of a militaristic nature it led to a push for action and this action was to be the first strike in what was to constrain the Pacific War. It can be therefore suggested that the reasoning behind the attack on Pearl Harbour came as a consequence of the humiliation Japan felt it had endured on an international level at the hands of the United States. The United States was a co untry that from the perspective of the Japanese government, was unnecessarily intervening in affairs in which it had little specific, concrete interest.Despite the continued interference of the Americans in preventing Japans expansive actions, civilians paid little attention to Japan despite the strong racist feelings between the two countries, a feeling that was highlighted by the San Francisco School incident further increasing tensions between the two feuding powers. The incident was one of five key provocations that the Japanese used to justify their surprise attack up to now despite the increasingly hostile foreign policy aimed in the armorial bearing of Japan, little was done to increase military support by the Americans allowing the Japanese to feel confident enough to attack Pearl Harbour with the hope of undermining American morale, such that the US government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests.However, there is no hiding the pivotal reason behind the a ttacks and this was the defilement of the economy. The destruction of the maritime fleet was a direct retaliation for Americas existential attacks on Japans economy. Coupled together with naval limitation, the unequal treaties and the continued appall on the international stage, Japan felt it best to strike swiftly rendering the US military presence in the Pacific non-existent.The elite of Japan was not prepared for the catastrophic consequences of their attack on Pearl Harbor, at the time what was such a successful foreign attack, it turned out to be the defining moment in not only the War but in Japans history. Some argue that the attacked doomed Japan by waking a sleeping giant, a giant that up until the point of attack was happy to find a compromise with Japan over the issues in the Asian region. Moreover, the wake of this giant gave a reason for the whole US military machine to be set in motion Clay Blair and dough Parillo believed that Japanese trade protection was so inco mpetent that the US submarines alone would have strangled them to defeat. Had the Japanese put more time into planning out the response of the US they would have seen to enter the military conflict directly was not the way to go. However they did not highlight this as an issue and the awakening of the Americans ultimately led to the most devastating of consequences, this was the subsequent dropping of the 2 atomic bombs on Japanese soil, killing 100,000 instantly with the death toll rising for decades thereafter.Despite this Japan did enjoy some positive consequences, the attack allowed a significant area of the Pacific to be conquered and held for a period of time. By hold these lands, as a direct result of Pearl Harbour, Japans economy continued with a positive trajectory, and the populace continued its strong support for the Japanese attack. Japan had met its goals, the Navy of the US had been removed as a threat for the time being and Japan won every major battle until midway i n June of 1942. However had the military officials of the rising power in Asia targeted the crucial shore facilities that housed the oil reserves, the damage inflicted could have been existential.Consequently, the attacks had the opposite impact on the Americans themselves, American attitudes about the war change radically. This consequence allowed the full force of the US military machine to be put into action, a consequence that conclusively led to the defeat of Japan.Pain and rage swept across the states, a strong feeling of nationalism returned. The surprise attack was seen as unjust and malicious and the racism that had been rife prior to the attack in 1941 was now at the point of Japanese immigrants within America being sent to detention camps for the epoch of the war. A reaction that the militaristic government of Japan had not foreseen. And although attempts had been made to prepare the country for war through the publication and use of anti-US propaganda, many were wind lessness apprehensive and dismayed at the news Japan was now at war with the Americans. With this as a direct result of the Pearl Harbor attack, it did no favors for the morale amongst Japanese citizens who were aroused with both alarm and anger subsequent to the attack.In the long term, Pearl Habor bored more sententious ramifications that struck a blow to the honor and integrity of a once feared nation. Following the decimation of Japan with the dropping of the atomic bombs it was thought that the consequences to the attacks on Pearl Harbor had come to their end, yet this was not the case American occupation was to follow. It is easy from here to trace back the source of this occupation, had the torpedoes not been dropped on the US naval fleet then it is highly unlikely that the giant would have entered the war in the Pacific and engrossed itself in the dealings of Japan.

Identifying Barriers to Diversity in Law Enforcement Essay

Our country, America is a melting pot of many different races, ethnic groups, and cultures, which occurred because of immigration. That is why our communities are cognisen as multicultural communities. Our communities may consist of African Americans, Whites, Latinos, Chinese, Christians, Muslims, Jews, and Indians. These multicultural communities experience prejudice actions from law enforcement. Prejudice means a judgment or opinion form before facts are known, usually involving negative or unfavorable thoughts about groups of people (Shusta and Levine, 2010). Law enforcement tends to discriminate against individuals because of their race, culture, or ethnic background.Law enforcement is now nerve-racking to figure out methods that they can use to improve their relationship with multicultural communities. Shusta and Levine (2010) offered some methods that can improve law enforcement in multicultural communities (1) Make dogmatic contact with community group members from diverse backgrounds, dont let them see you only when something negative has happened, and allow the public to see you as overmuch as possible in a nonenforcement role, (2) Take responsibility for patiently educating citizens and the public about the role of the officer and about standard operating procedures in law enforcement and remember that citizens often do not understand police culture, (3) Dont be afraid to be a change promoter in your organization when it comes to improving cross-cultural and interracial relations within your department and between police and community, it may not be a favorite thing to do, besides it is the right thing to do, (4) Dont appear uncomfortable with or avoid discussing racial and ethnic issues with other officers and citizens, and (5) Make a conscious effort in your mind, en route to every situation, to treat all people objectively and fairly.In my community they are only Blacks and Puerto Ricans races, but they are a diverse cultures, such as the l ocals called Cruzans, Kittians, St. Lucians, Dominicans, Haitians, Antiguans, Nevisians, and many other Caribbean islands. In my community law enforcement is prejudice against the stereotypes of the individuals, such as members in gangs. For physical exertion if law enforcement is called to the community for a theft, they would suspect a gang member of committing the before they suspect a regular guy walking downthe street. If they strickle time out to socialize with these so called gang members they would see a different side of them. Also getting to know the different cultures would allow having transgress communication skills with the citizens, and maybe the citizens would feel safer in open up to them and help them in the community. In a scenario in which a method would work would be A patrol unit is patrolling the community a see a group of young boys sitting under a tree cooling out, they learn to stop and have a talk to the young boys, about what theyre doing and how is t heir life, and officers even tell them about their days when they was the same age as them, the boys know see that these officers are no different than them, and their just doing their duty. That shows that the boys and law enforcement is communicating and gaining trust within each other.

Alcoholism & Culturally

Alcoholism can be defined in accordance to troika distinct dimensions. Culturally, insobriety is defined as a form of deviant drinking mien that falls step forwardside what culture observes as the acceptable limits of alcohol consumption. This means that in some societies alcoholic behavior whitethorn be viewed as normative as opposed to cultural perceptions in other society. Behaviorally, inebriation assumes definitions that distinct between alcohol recitation, misuse and abomination. In this context alcohol misuse denotes the expression of unfavorable consequences of alcohol use.Alcohol abuse is definitive of a pattern of chronic and profuse alcohol consumption the make of which express themselves as unfavourable physical, social and or behavioral consequences. Physiologically, alcoholism is defined with respect to alcohol dependency, habituation or dependence. Despite this diversity of definitions only the medical definition of alcoholism offers a concise distinct ion as it relies on both the behavioral and physiologically based definitions(Steinglass, 31).Alcoholism can thus be defined as an addictive dependency on alcohol induced craving accompanied by loss of control, complete physical dependence on alcohol and withdrawal symptoms Medically therefore alcoholism is understood to be a product of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Alcoholism is caused by grossly intricate, complex, interconnected and interrelated psychological, physiological, social and genetic factors (Kansal & Kamal 1). Usually a variety of factors lead to the development of alcoholism.Social factors include the influence of friends, peers, family, the availability of alcohol, and the perceptions of the society. Psychological factors include inadequate coping mechanisms, elevated stress levels, and reinforcement of the use of alcohol from other drinkers. There is also a growing controversy over evidences that alcoholism may be caused by biologic and genetic predisposit ions (Powell 24). Recent genetic studies have confirmed that when D2 dopamine sense organ gene is passed on from the p arnts to the siblings in a specific form, chances of developing alcoholism argon enhanced.Alcohol addiction or rather physical dependence on alcohol follows a gradual drinking pattern. With every pint of alcohol consumed the balance of chemicals in the brain like gamma aminobutyric acid which is responsible for the inhibition of impulsiveness, and another neurochemical glutamate which is responsible for nervous system excitation, are altered. Alcohol raises dopamine levels in the brain hence creating the refreshing feeling that is usually associated with alcohol consumption. With time, excessive alcohol consumption depletes or increases the levels of much(prenominal) neurochemicals.The resultant magnetic core is that a level of craving is created where an individual will have to additively consume alcohol to restore skinny feelings or degenerate into withdrawa l symptoms. Based on studies comparing the size of amygdala, researchers have been able to importantly correlate the size of amygdala and the addiction process. Because the size of amygdala is inherited and that it is home to neurotransmitters, it may chase away the link between alcoholism and psychological predisposing factors such as stress and anxiety.It is also postulated that inheritance of a dysfunction in serotonin transmission my be to blame for the degree of alcohol tolerance. Since serotonin is multiform in well being behaviors such as eating, relaxing, sleeping as well as competitive and impulsive behaviors any dysfunction in its transmission is bound to dispose an individual to alcoholism. Factors that contribute to the addiction process can be sub categorized as genetic factors, emotional state factors, physiological factors, and socio-cultural factors. Genetic factors may cause an individual to develop a degree of vulnerability.This vulnerability is caused by an u nbalance in neurochemicals. Emotional state factors can either be stress, emotional pain or anxiety. These factors incline a one to engage in alcohol consumption as a means of blanketing out undesirable emotions. Some hormones that are responsible for the development of stress, anxiety and depression have also been incriminated in the progression to alcoholism. Socio-cultural factors play a very important role in the development of alcoholism. Some cultures perceive alcohol as a rite of adulthood or manliness.In such culture the media has been instru mental in glamorizing the consumption of alcohol through catchy phrasals and visuals. Such adverts which are obviously aimed at increasing the favourableness of the sponsor mislead a huge chunk of the general populace in thinking that excessive alcohol consumption is the modernized version of entertainment. Alcoholism is a medical condition and as such it is expressed as symptomatic progressive disease. This disease is predominantly di agnosed through adverse effects and behaviors. The adverse effects are based on functioning.Two basic diagnostic criteria are used. Usually alcohol abuse or alcoholism is related with a broad range of psychiatric, medical, social, legal, economic, occupational and family problems. So many of these symptoms are related to the descriptive of stage of dependency. Early signs of the disease include frequent pursuit of intoxication which progresses into a well established heavy drinking pattern. During these circumstances an individual may blackout, experienced a forceful change in demeanor while consuming alcohol and exhibit impulsive behaviors such as anger and unaccustomed violence.Other symptoms include drunken driving, absence from work, shirking of responsibilities and basically having trouble with the law. In the absence of alcohol dependence acute intoxication can be fatal or cause mental damage. Another symptom is family problems. In most cases individuals suffering from alcoh olism may be characterized by divorce, infant abuse and neglect, spouse abuse, criminal behaviors and welfare dependence. The problem is even more worsened if the alcoholics themselves strive to contain and develop a culture of denial even though they can discern the cause of family problems.Fro this causation thousands of people suffering from alcoholism pass unrecognized by health professionals. Medically symptoms may be expressed in the form of alcoholism related diseases such as gastritis, pancreatitis, cirrhosis, neuropathy, cerebral atrophy, Wernickes encephalopathy, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, Korsakoffs dementia, seizures, substitution pontine myelinolysis, confusion, hallucinations, peptic ulcers, malnutrition and gastrointestinal bleeding (www. mayoclinic. com). A second basic diagnostic criterion relies on the family archives of alcoholism.When children from families without any history of . alcoholism are compared with those from families with a history of alcoholism, it is easy to demonstrate the fact that children of alcoholics are at an elevated risk of alcohol abuse, misuse and alcoholism. Moreover, history of alcoholism may also predispose the younger children to other forms of drug abuse, anxiety disorders, conduct problems and a host of psychiatric disorders. All these are predisposing risk factors. Just like any disease, alcoholism can also be mitigated by a set of medical and non medical interventions.Depending on various circumstances, the treatment program may encompass, an valuation followed by a brief intervention. After this brief intervention the patient will be undertaken though an outpatient program and counseling or in other cases a residential inpatient stays (www. mayoclinic. com). paygrade is generally involves the determination of the level of dependence. Residential treatment programs carry out strategies like abstinence, alcoholism resist groups (such as alcoholics anonymous), individual therapy and or group therapy, activity therapy, family involvement, educational lectures and in depth counseling programs.Medical interventions mainly include the treatment and management of the alcohol related diseases and disorders. Works Cited Alcoholism. http//www. mayoclinic. com/health/alcoholism Kansal, Kamal & Kamal, Kansal. (2004). Homoeopathic Family Kit. B. Jain Publishers, p. 1-5 Powell. (2005). Alcohol. pitch-dark Rabbit Books, p. 24-25 Steinglass, Peter. (1988). The Alcoholic Family Drinking Problems in a Family Context Taylor & Francis, p. 30-40

The Forest Act

INTRODUCTION the marge set is defined as an ara of cut down with at least ten per cent (10%) of tree crown coer, natur every last(predicate)y grown or planted and/or fifty per cent (50%) or more shrub and tree regeneration c over and includes all woods backup mans of whatever kind declared or gazetted on a lower floor this puzzle out and all plantations. The woodwind instrument polity of 1959, is the law which governs the woods Law of 2002, having the buttive to effect governmental control for economic gain quite than sustainable development, as the concept of environment is not been taken seriously.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF timbreS IN TANZANIA Historically the wood fiddle can be traced back as far as 1819 to 1919 whereby the state controlled set shoot was initially established down the stairs German colonial administration who were the first colonialist in Tanzania. The Germans administrator practised hostile methods and tactics in preserving the timbre such(p renominal) as forcing the residences near woodwind or in the forest places to evacuated those places immediately and there were no remedies face up for those who violated the decree intentionally.In 1921 afterwards the Second World War Tangeveryika was placed to the British Administration. The English supervision presented the wood Ordinance which was found on that uptaked in adjacent Kenya colony which placed parturiency on access to and use of forest products. The spirit of the British colonialists to protect the forest and its resources were also seen in the Land Ordinance whereby it introduced protected areas forests areas being break-dance and parcel.Soon after independence, forests in Tanzania have been managed and controlled by the Forest and Beekeeping Division nether the Ministry of inseparable Resources and Tourism. This focus has been characterized by extensive state control which does not involve the topical anaesthetic conjunction forests. The forest solic itude was due to forest degradation and deforestation through illegal activities and increase of gracious pressure on natural resources. In Tanzania a vast forest area existed for instance in the 1990s, the forested areas were ranging from 41-42 percent.It was observed that most of the forested areas were cleared for agricultural, overgrazing, wildfires, charcoal burning and overexploitation activities. During 1961-1997 it was discovered that over 10 million hectares of forest had been lost therefore in do to prevent this loss the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism made an effort and concentrated on active participation of the topical anesthetic community and pursuit holders. In 1990 the Forest Policy came into existence by virtue of the Forest and Beekeeping Division.Currently the Forest welkin in Tanzania is controlled by lead parallel structures which includes The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, The Regional Secretariat and the Local Authority. NATIONAL t 1 POLICY, 1998 The Forest Policy (NFP) of 1998 in Tanzania was the result of reviewing its Forest Policy of 1953. Generally, the objective of this polity was to enhance the donation of Forest sector to the sustainable development in Tanzania and conservation and management of her natural resources for the benefit of the present and the future generation.This means that forests have to be managed in terms of socio-economic, ecological and cultural sustainability and with the principle of multi- federal agencyality and fair benefit and responsibility sharing. to a fault the Forest Policy also recognizes the role of the clubby sector in management of forest resources and the policy responsibility of managing forest resources give be left in the reach of specialized agencies and the mystic sector, central government responsibility will be managed.The Policy campaigns tools to implement different communities based management regimes, ranking from Joint Forest Management to commun ity management (Community Based Forest Management, Village Forest Reserve). The objectives related to forest policy OTo ensure sustainable development and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of present and future generation without degrading the environment or risking health or safety. OTo present and control degradation of nation, water, vegetation and air which constitute our life support systems.OTo exert and enhance our natural and man-made heritage, including the biological diversity of the unique ecosystem of Tanzania. OTo improve the condition and productivity of the degrade areas including rural and urban settlement in ordinance that all Tanzanians may live in safe, healthy, plentiful and aesthetical pleasing surroundings. OTo raise domain cognisance and under(a)standing of the essential linkages between environment and to shape up individual and community participation in environmental action.OTo promote international cooperation on the envir onment agenda, and exposit our participation and contribution to relevant bilateral, sub-regional, regional and global organizations and programs, including implementation of conventions. OTHER OBJECTIVES The National forest policy is based on macro-economic, environment framework and social framework. In microeconomic framework has the objective, which lifts the national delivery and facilitate wholesome growth, the policy has stated the following objectives OTo combat poverty and deprivation in order to improve plentys path.OTo ensure macro-economic stability. OTo create an enabling environment for a strong private sector. O To reduce government involvement in direct productive activities. OTo improve efficiency in the use of humanity resources. t sensation process, 2002 The objectives of the Forest stage, 2002 as analyzed under the provision of Part II of the lick are OTo promote, to enhance the contribution of the forest sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation and management of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.OTo encourage and facilitate the active participation of the citizen in the sustainable planning, management, use and conservation of forest resources through the development of individual and community rights, whether derived from customary law or under this carry, to use and manage forest resources OTo ensure ecosystem stability through conservation of forest biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility OTo delegate responsibility for management of forest resources to the lowest possible level of topical anaesthetic management consistent with the furtherance of national policies OTo ensure the sustainable supply of forest products and ervices by maintaining equal forest area under efficient, effective and scotch management OTo enhance the quality and improve the marketability of forest products and regulate their export OTo promote coordination and cooperation betw een the forest sector and other agencies and bodies in the public and private sectors in keep an eye on of the management of the natural resources of Tanzania OTo facilitate greater public awareness of the cultural, economic and social benefits for conserving and increasing sustainable forest cover by developing programmes in training, research and public culture OTo enable Tanzania to pay, fully in contributing towards and benefiting from international efforts and measures to protect and enhance global bio-diversity.The Act enables the adduce to fulfill its obligation to meet the standards determined by international instruments to enhance and protect global bio-diversity. surgical incision 5 appends for ministerial responsibility and function of the director, where as Section 6 provides for the appointment and function of the officer. arrangement AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM OF THE FOREST ACT, 2002. THE INSTITUTIONS MECHANISM ESTABLISHED UNDER THE FOREST ACT, there are three m ajor institutions created by the Forest Act, which are, the forestry advisory committal, Community forest management group for managing forest reserves, and Tanzania forest fund. NATIONAL FORESTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEEThis is a committee established under Section 10 of the Act, and the minister appoints the committee members, who function to advise the minister on OMatters relating to issuance of concession and conditions as provided for under Section 20(11) of this Act OMatters relating to declaration of a forest reserve as provided under Section 23(6) of this Act OMatters relating to the management of forest reserve as provided under Section 27(5) of this Act review of the forest policy and OAny other matter, which the subgenus Pastor may specify. COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT GROUPS Community Forest management group may be formed by both group of somebodys who are members of a village living in or near to a forest or group of persons who are managing a forest or part thereof or who are desirous of managing a forest reserve or part thereof. TANZANIA FOREST FUNDThis is another institution established under the Act, which deals with financial matter, in which the funds and its resources consist of fee payable, royalty payable, grants donations and bequests, whatever sum realizes by the sale of forest produce and income generated by any project financed by the fund, and such funds are managed by forest fund trustee appointed by the minister. The object and purpose of the fund is to meet the objectives of the Act as analyzed in the provision of Section 3. governing MECHANISMS Part III of the Forest Act provides for administrative and institutional mechanisms. To start with administration, the Act provides that there is a Minister responsible for forest matters and that the Minister is responsible for policy formulation and for ensuring execution by authorized in the ministry such functions connected with the implementation of this Act.Apart from that, there is a Director of the forestry who is appointed by the electric chair and bears the function of advising the government on all matters of management of the forests. On top of that the Director is required and sceptered by the Act to make a determination affecting or analogously to affect the rights of any individuals and give reasons for the decisions. There are other Appointed Officers who have the duty to ensure the efficient, effective and economical management and supervisions of forests as directed by the Act. These officers appointed by the Director include, licensing and registration officers, enforcement officers, inspectors and all of them are answerable to the director. Furthermore, there exists a Local Authority and Forest Management Authority.Power to designate any person to be an Authorized Officer has been vested to the Director and he also has power to delegate to such public officers, a local authority officer to perform any work imposed on him by the Act. CREATION OF FOREST RESERVE The Act provides for the humankind of forests reserves as analyzed under percentage 4, which include national forest reserves, local authority forest reserves, village forest and private forest. The Act goes further in providing for the guiding procedures in declaring an area to be a forest reserve under Section 23, and provision of compensation in case of claims arising out of an area, which is declared a forest reserve is provided under Section 24(1) PERMITS AND LICENSESUnder Part VI provides for specified activities to be carried in national or local authority forest reserve subject to conditions as prescribed in the permit, which is sought in respect of Section 50, and grant of permit, variation and modification of the same is provided for under Section 53, Section(s) 54 and 55, provide for desert of permit and Revocation or suspension of the permit. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES UNDER THE FOREST ACT GENERAL PRINCIPLES ORight to information, message that the dire ctor and all officers are required to ensure that members of the public are equally and adequately disposed information and guidance in connection to implementation of this Act ORight to appeal, any individual aggrieved by a decision under this Act has a right to appeal in the High solicit particular PRINCIPLESOPrinciple of local level governance, meaning that the right and duties of which villagers have to respect village land reserves and function of local authority in respect of village land forest reserve OPrinciple of prevention action, restriction on boundary vegetation, inspection of forest produce by experts, prohibition of marking by isolated persons, prohibition of export of forest produce without certification OPrinciple of restrictive measures, the Act provides for the restriction in the creation of new rights for forest reserves, were as subsection 5 of section 25, an investigation process can be allowed to enquire in a matter that has been reported to the minister or chief executive officer.OPrinciple of sustainable development, which ensures the ecosystem stability through conservation of the forest biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility and facilitating public awareness so as to increase sustainable forest cover by developing training programmes and education, as nearly as sustainability in connection to harvest of forest products. OPrinciple of inter-generational equity, the Act encourages and facilitate active participation of the citizens in the sustainable planning of the environment and forest reserves through community out reach OThe Act further looks at the concept of Environmental Impact Assessment, and the provision binds both the public and private local authorities . OFFENCES AND PENALTIES The Act also provides for various offences and penalties in general. These offences have been provided for under part XI, Section 84-100.Section 84 generally provides offense relating to forest reserve which includes entrance into t he forest reserve, performing any act contrary to section 26, obstruct roads path or water course, damage forest reserve, grazing of lineage shall be wrong-doing of an offence upon conviction liable to a fine not little than thirty thousands (Tshs) and not portentous one million or to imprisonment for a term not majestic two years or to both such fine and imprisonment. Section 85 offences relating trees not in forest reserve. A person may be held liable for the following action felling trees, cuts trees, loops damage, remove or sell any reserved tree or any party thereof unreserved land shall be guilty of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine of not less(prenominal) than fifty thousands (Tshs) or imprisonment not stupendous one year or to both such fine and imprisonment.Section 86 relating to wild plants, any person without law-abidingly authority picks pluck takes sample any part or any way or by any way interferes with or wilfully and intentionally poison damage or destroy in any way wild plants or expose for sell or purchase export or attempt to expose shall be guilt of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine not less than two ascorbic acid thousand (Tshs) and not olympian one million shilling or to imprisonment for a term not less than six months and not exceeding two years or to both. Section 90 provides for counterfeiting and similar offences, any person who counterfeiting alters obliterates or defaces any stamp mark, sign, license permit, certificate authority or receipt used or issued under this act shall be guilty of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine not less than one million shilling and not exceeding three million or to imprisonment for not less one year and not exceeding two years or both. Section 91 on offences in connection with fires.Any person who without lawful authority lights or assists in lighting or uses rekindles or adds fuels or any fire or causes any of theses to fake p lace leaves an attended fires before such fire is thoroughly extinguished or overlooks to comply with lawfully order issued to him under and in connection with any of the provisions of part 9 of this act shall be guilt of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to affine not less than fifty thousands(Tshs) or not exceeding one million or to imprisonment not exceeding one year or both. Where any person is convicted of an offence against this act the Court may in addition to any other penalty provided for in this Act order cancellation of the permit for period that a forest reserve manager may see fit and upon damage of forest produce will pay compensation for the same subject to ten times the amount of royalties or fees which had the action constituting the offence. STRENGTHS OF THE FOREST ACTThe Act links the central government and the local community in the whole process of deliverance and protection of the forest resources in order to ensure national development and this is done through public participation in decision making in forest management as portrayed under Section 42 through the Participatory Forest Management(PFM) and the Community Base Forest Management(CBFM) which involves village and local people of forest protection. also, the Act provides for Private forests in which individuals who are the holders of the right of occupancy enter into covenants on land that without previous consent of the Director. The Act also establish the administration and institutional machinery in order to protect forest resources.Also it provides for Minister responsible for forest and Director of Forest Officers who are appointees of the Director and Forest Advisory Committee and the National Plants Protection Advisory Committee. The Act provides for participation of local communities in the management of their lands and, their rights on natural resources are clearly recognized as per Section 14, 32 and 40 of the Forest Act No. 14, 2002 which provides for vill age land forest management plans and rights and duties of villages in respect of village land forest reserve. never the less, the Act provides for trade on forest produce through establishing procedures necessary to fill forests trade and forest produce.This led to ensure sustainable trade of forest produce and forest conservation and a person need to have trade permit and license of conducting trade as stipulated under the Act. Moreover, the composition of the Tanzania Forest Fund. The fund contributes towards on the conservation of the forest resources and the main purpose is to promote awareness and to ensure development and sustainable use of forest resources through public education and training and to promote the community forestry in the whole process of development through making grants and providing advice and assistance to group of persons. WEAKNESSES OF THE ACT There are some conflicts between the Forest Act and the Village Land Act regarding the procedures for the esta blishment of Village Forest Reserve.Section 32(2) and 33 of the Village Land Act provide for procedures such as practical application to the village council, signed by the party applying for the derivative right or his duly appointed promoter or representative accompanied by simple plan showing the location and boundaries of the land and any other information which may be prescribed or which may be required by the village council, accompanied by any fees which may be prescribed notified to the members of the village by any means of publicity which will bring the matter to their attention whereas the Forest Act provide for concepts like private forests which includes forestry dedication covenants, application for concession, use of land as private forest land and concession. Also concepts such as forest reserves other than village and community forest reserve, village land forest reserves and community forest reserves which all provide for various procedures for each where in villa ge land act it provides for the general procedures.Section 98 0f the Act provide that no matter or thing done by any authorized officer to perform any function under the Act, shall, if done in good faith in execution or purported execution of his function under this Act, render him personally liable for the matter or thing concerned. This means that the act did not provide protection to an individual member of the society rather its only the official who is protected. Also same section of the same act provide that any person is liable for any offence against the act but do not provide the meaning of any person and that makes authorities to become people who will be liable for any offence which will have unnecessary immunity. The director of the forestry has been vested with so much power which can make him abuse the power.Section 5(2) to (4) provide that director of the forest is appointed by the president whom will become an officer of public service, the director is to advise the government on all matters of management of forests and also to give reason to the person who is affected by the decisions of the director. Then if the director is the one to advice the government on matters relating to the forest then can give decisions which will be more approbatory to the authorities and desire of the government regardless of what is really needed in forest development. The Forest Act empowered only the high court to have jurisdiction over the matters pertaining forest protection. ith the high court having the powers itself then there are some situations which people who affected by the acts done to the forest fail to submit their complaints to the court since they have no access to it. In Tanzania most regions have only one court for instance in Iringa all district like Mafinga and Mufindi depends on the high court which is at Iringa municipal With this regards then access to justice fails. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS it is our recommendation that the law to r elating to protection of the forest be modified so as to fit with the corent society were there defforestation of the lands is of great extend all over the world and Tanzania in Particular by imposing heavier punishment to those who harm the forests for the benefit of the current and culmination generation.

Knight Templar

The Knights Templar is an presidency arrangeed in the course of instruction 1112 A.D. within the Christian company with a sole aim of protecting the Christians who were visit the sanctum place Jerusalem done Palestine, a land dominated by the Muslims. They were protecting the Christians from the attack of the Muslims. They were so courageous and fierce in battles, and had cursinged on obedience,chastity and poverty(Knight Templar Website,2008).Notably, they as well engaged themselves in separate activities including banking, building,farming,engineering and they were monks(Templar UK Website).They were as well cognise to as the Poor Knights of Christ, which was a kind of a symbolic name. Even though they engaged in some other activities like banking, the core activity was in warfare. The activity of banking just arose due to the trust that the crusaders had in the Knights Templar members ,leaving them with valuable items on which they took custody of them at fee. The Tem plars were considered to the best trained and disciplines war men of the time and they were forthwith responsible to the Pope, who was the leader of the Catholic Church. It believed that It is this Knights Templar that laid a foundation for the development of the modern army transcriptions and operations. On their seal, its was a picture of one horse boarded by two Knights which was symbolic in showing how vile they were.On the digress of Knights Templar Organization, its quickly grew becoming politicall(a)y influential in the international politics, in the sense that it took rig of the areas that it hard influence to an extend that is used to collect taxes and initiated tithing in those areas,which accelerated the fast growth into a form of a political institution. The commanding structure of the Knight Templar was like that of the Monastics Order, which was designed by Bernard of Clairvaux, who was the the hold of Cistercian Order. They were above all the authorities,as decl ared by the Pope but under Pope.The Knights involvement in banking was not intentional, but it rather came due to their reputations in terms of the confidence that the public had on them. The confidence came from their trustiness and the respect of their soldiers system, which was mighty and their financial soundness too. Their banking system just started from the point when they stared transporting coin and supplies from atomic number 63 to Palestine, that later developed into a very efficient banking system which was incomparable to any other banking system that one could have thought of by that time.The Knights were characterized of being generous in defending Jerusalem and other devoted lands, which in turn modifyd them to gather a lot of wealth from these lands that came in as gifts from their glad benefactors, from their activities of protecting their lands. They used to get more other wealth from those other orders who joined them,in the form of money and property. The se sources of wealth enabled the Knights to have excess money that it used to invest and lend, in the surgical procedure of honoring their vow of of poverty, given that they had taken oaths of fighting poverty. Other than these aforementioned sources of wealth, the Pope in any case used to grant the cash in hand ans in this case,funds of huge sums.The cash which the Templars collected and had in reserve was unremarkably kept in chapter houses and churches(temples), which created avenue for easy access to money for the lender that encouraged even the Spanish who were visiting the Holy land,Jerusalem to lend by the year 1135.The made easy means of accessing cash by the pilgrims real enable growth in the banking activities that the Knights involved in, and the banking system itself got favor from it not bringing complications within the order and the Church, which was a show of its political mighty. The Knights chose not to involve the church in the banking system to avoid complica tions, and specifically it did not involve the church directly in the building of the mortgaged assets.The banking system grew bigger and become more efficient, given that it took care and understood the needs of the communities in which they were operating in, that made it so influential at the holy land and also in Europe. It is ways of operation and specifically with its banking system, drew the attention of other order from the Europe who were aspiring to solely take control of the money and the banking sector after the civilised war. Their attention was drawn because the Templars were possessing a lot of holdings in areas covering Europe and the Middle east and the island of Cyprus(Crystalinks meshingsite,2008).The shaping of the Knight Templar followed after the deliverance of Jerusalem (Knight Templar website,2008), when the Crusaders decided to to go back to their home in the process of honoring their vow, although their was hostility from their Muslims neighbors residing in Palestine. The formation of the Knight Templar was initiated when there arose need for protecting the Christian community and they were accepted by Baldwin II in providing the services , after taking a vow of continuous before the therefore Patriarch of Jerusalem and later assigned a part of his palace that as bordering with the temple of the city in Jerusalem,that followed the naming of them as the poor Knights of the Temple. They barely started being notwithstanding baseball club in number of which they were unable to delver any of their intended services and especially the one for protecting the holy land and the Christian community and they were headed by Huges de Payend.In preparation to kick start their operations their leader,Huges traveled to the atomic number 74 in requesting the acknowledgment by the church and also to recruit more other members. Knights never had a specified code of rules by then until they came to adapt the Rule of St. Benedict, which was later refined to Cistercians, and they also fitting the three vows of perpetual in addition to the crusaders vows , the rules of the church and the rules of the dormitory. The red-hot recruits were expected to behave in treaty to the set rules within the Knight Templar composed of four major categories consisted of the farmers,Knights, chaplains and Sergeants. In addition to their rules, the Knight Templars also adapted the Red cross sign from the Cistercians Rules.The establishment of Knights Templar was welcomed with a high spirits, to an extend that even before they had shown their abilities, they veritable a lot of favor of both kind, where the preceding Popes safe guarded them by exempting them from all kinds of prosecutions, episcopal or secular. All the property owned by the Knights was free from tax and they did this by assimilate their property into church compounds, and they were exempted from paying the ecclesiastical tithes and having their churches and cemeteries interd icted. The special treat that was offered to these Knights later brought misunderstanding among the clergy men of the holy land debating on whether to wipe or not wipe these favors, although this was never an issue to discuss in Rome as they were guaranteed these favors without question and the favors that they received from the Europe were worth to make an impact.The Templars had representative in every state, in the name of commanderies, including France which had forty two commanderies and Palestine where grabbed wealth at the disadvantage of the Muslims. For example in the Palestine they had build major possessions like the Safed, Karak and the Castle of Pilgrim that was built in the year 1217 with an aim of defiling the bank of the sea.The character of the Knights was indefinite ,with respect to the services that they provided. They were fierce in war and very humble in chapels without fear of death on protecting Christianity, and they were the first to attack not giving up ea sily, mend care word from their leaders, although they were not very many a(prenominal) by then(Veling Website). On the start of their prosperity, there were whole 400 knights in Jerusalem, but composed of noble men who inspired the rest of the Christian community.They normally used to fight to the end without giving up,even if it means held as captives and when held mostly by the Muslims in forcing them to recall Jesus Christ, on which they died keeping to their faith. Although they were not easily giving up,this situation and experiences scared more recruits because it needful more commitment just more than being recruited in the order,Knight Templar, because all that was expected from a unfermented recruits was total obedience to the rules without compromise. They unused recruits were normally put into test in, on testing their sincerity and keeping of secret, although later their was some kind of laxity in observing the rules caused by the great wealth they had acquired and also the greedy for poor.At the amid of its growth,the Knights Templar had 9000 estates among other wealth holdings that were deposited in the temples at both Paris and London, including the deposits that were under custody received from the princes and individuals just because of their trustworthiness. On this order reaching a kind of an independent state it started extending assistance to the separate members of the society, that included the minorities and people with various disabilities.During the growth of this order, their happened to be another order by the name Hospitallers that was started in imitating the Knights and which later brought conflict between the two orders due to clashing activities and greed for power. The Hospitallers engaged in military just as the Knights which ignited rivalry between the two orders, but this rivalry was solved by uniting the two order, which was suggested by St. Louis in a council of Lyons in the year 1274, but the union was proposed to start in a new form by Pope Nicholas II in the year 1293 (Templars UK Website,1996), on calling for consultations from Christian states.The troubles that led with the collapsing of the Knights Templar started from their denial to compensate the then king of France, Philip IV for his wars(New advent Website). The king had tried so many way in persuading the Knights to pay including the proceeding Popes from the time of Pope innkeeper VIII to clement V, although Pope Clement V had agreed with King Philip IV but the Knights Declined. In revenge for decline of the Knights Templar,on October 13,1307,King Philip IV of France arrested the Knights Templar in France and tortured them.The king later held the treasury of the Knights and disbanded their money banking system, and it was perceive of him being jealousy of the Templars operations , more especially their wealth and power, which made him envy in compulsory them alone. The act of King of France, Philip IV over the Knights sent a deterrence to other orders like the Hospitallers,the Rhodes and the Malta, which positive(p) them giving up the banking operations in some states like Jerusalem.This was a real break through in the collapse of the Knights Templar as the assets which were outside France were conveyancingred to the ownership of Knights Hospitallers, which was a directive from the Pope and the survivors from the Knights Templar menace were admitted into their spring rival Hospitallers. Pope Clement V commanded the dissolving of the Knight Templar. even though so many Kings in various states had not advocated for that, and for instance the king of Spain declined in giving in to the demands of Pope Clement V in transferring all the assets belonging Knights Templar to Hospitallers, although they were later transferred to another order by the Montesa. In Portugal, they only changed the name of the order and rather called it Order of Christ, which was led by Price Henry for 20 years before his death, while the King of Scot had disbanded the order of Knights Templar with different reasons.Conclusion. Knight Templar is an organization that was formed in the the year 1112, with a membership of Nine members, with a sole aim of protecting Christianity and more especially the pilgrims to the holy land from the Europe from their Muslim neighbors who were trying to deter the spread of Christianity. The nine members headed by Huges, recruited more new members and the recruitment was real fast because the order.Knight Templar was highly accepted within the church community, and later after having new recruits they adapted a set of rules which were designed by Cistercians. Involuntary during their operations in providing military services, they found themselves with a very efficient banking system and this was triggered by their trustworthiness in winning the public confidence, and it started by them being left with precious goods by the crusaders,which later become as big as communicate money and , building mortgaged property , acting as a custodian for the stored money and also the lending of money in fulling their Vow of poverty.It grew bigger,extending to many states including France,Spain and Scot. The fall of Knight Templar originated from their decline to compensate the then king of France,King Philip IV for the wars that he fought. He revenge by arresting the Templars and seizing their Assets in France. On adding an injury to a wound, the the Pope, after the arrest of the Templars in France he gave a directive disbanding the Knights Templar organization, ans the transfer of their assets to another order by the name Hospitallers which was a rival order to Knights Templar, on their clash in their respective responsibilities as their operations were like a duplicate.ReferenceLuther J. ,2008 , Knight Templar, Retrieved may 9th,2008 From from the homo Wide web www.crystalinks.com/templars1.htmlDrill M.,2008,Grand Encampment of Knight TemplarRetrieved May 9th, 2008 From from the World Wide web www.knightstemplar.org/purpose1.htmlCharles M.,1912, The Knights TemplarsNew Advent Website ,Retrieved May 9th,2008 From from the World Wide web www.newadvent.org/cathen/14493a.htmSimon F.,2008,The Grand priority of Knights Templars in UK and Wales.,Retrieved May 9th,2008 From from the World Wide web www.templars.org.uk/Vatican II,1996, Knights Templar,Retrieved May 9th,2008 From from the World Wide web www.veling.nl/anne/templars/