Hrm Practices In Service Industry In Egypt Management Essay

Hrm Practices In Service Industry In Egypt direction EssayThe single- rankd black market of humane election counsel (HRM) in contemporary organisations has grasped the attention for the past previous years. The priority of most academics and practiti binglers has been mitigate HRM repute to the firm. This claim is supported by the emergence of several experiential studies, exploring the impact of different HRM practices on organisational act. However, despite the quantity and variety of these studies, the play of HRM practices on mathematical process gained slight attention non only as concept, but also in understanding its mechanism. (Theriou Chatzoglou (2009))HRM professional practitioners struggle to attempt that each member in an organisation a private firm, a g all overnment agency, or non-profit organisation make senses as completely and efficiently as possible to the accomplishment of the organisations mission. The organisation cannot coexist without HRM. Now adays HRM is well-k nown not only by solely administrative positions, but also by its concern for organisational strategy and the skills and competencies required to set that strategy. (Campus France, 2009) Basic wholey, HRM can be dual-lane into Administration of human resource much(prenominal) as recompenseroll, contracts, and legal and regulatory compliance, and ontogeny of human resources as partnership with operational managers such as c areer development, recruitment, instruct, and competency counselling. As a result, HRM extends over several disciplines and shapes all part of organisational life. (Campus France, 2009) look for about HRM in developing countries and especially in Egypt has been little relative to developed ones. Through this paper the interrogationer wants to add to such emptiness.LiteratureOne of the essential strategic areas of an organisation is human resource oversight (HRM). Human resources play a crucial government agency in developing the reso urce capability of an organisation so as to meet its objectives and for upcoming improvement (Armstrong as cited in Ho, 2009). Many organisations develop initiated new approaches to attention, especially a shift from violence counseling PM to HRM, as a response to increased competition and instability in the markets (Storey as cited in Ho, 2009). The key characteristic of HRM is that it aims to incorporate the management readying of the organisation with its PM functions. Over the past decade, private lineage and patience has widely employed such type of management strategy, linking with the long escape direction and development of an organisation. (Ho, 2009)It is appropriate to start by exploring where HRM was back in the late mid-sixties, and it is not surprising to unwrap that military unit management was the payoff that mostly referred to, while HRM was not even on the agenda (Marchington, 2008). military unit Management can be simply define as obtaining, organising , and need the human resources required by the enterprise (Armstrong as cited in Armstrong, 2006, p.2). A broader exposition describes personnel management asThe phase of management which deals with the efficient control and purpose of workforce as distinguished from another(prenominal) sources of power. The methods, tools, and techniques designed and utilised to secure the enthusiastic participation of labour represent the correction matter for study in personnel administration. (Yoder as cited in Reddy, 2004, p.1)A re reckon of early issues of force play Management specifically Late 1960s Early 1970s showed that the key topics included leaseing, industrial relations, pay, job design, and manpower planning. The terminology of personnel was used in the majority of adverts which is shown with scrutinizing the job pages, in addition there were examples of training, industrial and labour union, in time HRM was not mentioned (Marchington, 2008).At the end of 1980s, the term HRM was emerged in UK, after its look in the USA. At that time, articles on topics such as training and development, pay and the fibre of the personnel/HR function where published by military unit Management. Also it was the period where HRM articles started to slightly appear, for instance the article of Pettigrew, Sparrow, and Hendry in 1989. (Marchington, 2008) perchance much considerably, the term HRM was started to appear in job adverts, particularly in appointments at superior levels, however the huge majority still referred to personnel, training and employee relations. (Marchington, 2008)In 2008, HRM is entrenched both as an academic subject and as a terminology that is broadly used by practitioners. According to Marchington, (2008, p.5) force out Management is not used in major textbooks anymore, and even those care Torrington et al who started with personnel management as their headline have now changed it to HRM (Marchington, 2008). HRM can appear to be a vague an d subtle concept, not least as it has a range of definitions. In fact, pinning down feather on satisfactory definition can look as if you are trying to strike a moving target in a fog (Price, 2007).HRM can be simply defined as a notion of how people can be managed in the interests of the organisation (Armstrong as cited in Price, 2007, p.30). A broader definition could describe HRM as a characteristic approach to economic consumption management which seeks to fulfill warring advantage through the strategic development of a highly committed and capable workforce, utilise an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques (Price, 2007, p.30) According to Storey in the handbook of human resource management, HRM can be considered as a set of interrelated policies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning. (Armstrong, 2006, p.3). The significant form of HRM as Storey suggests comprise four aspects a specific solicitation of beliefs and assumptions a strat egic power informing decisions regarding people management the central donation of line management and dependence upon a set of levers to shape the employment race. (Armstrong, 2006).The core roles which contribute to the HRM concept includes strategic berth, change management, training development, race management, and movement management. It is essential to take a look at the definition and the linkage of those aspects to HRM. According to Dessler, strategical human resource management manner formulating and executing human resource policies and practices that produce the employee competencies and behaviours the company needs to achieve its strategic aims (2008, p.13). Being a people specialists in a decisive area that brings traditional HR services is no longer the register for HR professionals. They must be experienced in several areas including strategic decision making processes. This is argued by many scholars including the well-known piece of look for by Ulrich et al., who explored the need for twenty-first century oriented HRM and presented a applicatory conceptualization of the way that the HR function itself is emergent. (Lemmergaard, 2009) Second the change management aspect, a perfect example could be the transformation occurred in Zegna an Italian menswear business where HR team had to create the changes itself to facilitate the achievement of business change objectives. They needed to recognise the existing perception of HR as well as the business strategy and future plans. (Tyler-Cagni Hills, 2009) Third, Management development concerns any attempt to improve current or future management performance by imparting knowlight-emitting diodege, changing attitudes, or increasing skills (Dessler, 2008, p.310). Fourth, flight management deals with the lifelong series of activities that contribute to a persons career exploration, establishment, success, and tip (Dessler, 2008, p.378). The fifth and last aspect is performance management, which can be defined as taking an integrated, goal oriented approach to assigning, training, assessing, and rewarding employees performance (Dessler, 2008, p.294). Performance management is not based on management by command, instead it is based on the principle of management by arranging or contract. (Armstrong, 2006). According to Armstrong, it can play a main role in providing for an integrated and coherent range of human resource management processes which are mutually supportive and contribute as a whole to improving organizational effectiveness (2006, p.493)Human resource management (HRM) has arrive a persistent and dominant approach to the management of the employment relationship (Beardwell and Holden, 1997 Beer and Spector, 1985 Hendry and Pettigrew, 1990 as cited in Garavan, Morley, Heraty 1998). The elaboration of academic theories of HRM in the 1980s led to an argument about the nature of HRM. A main question raised in the early debate was Is HRM different from per sonnel management PM? (Boselie, Brewster Paauwe, 2009). (Garavan, Morley, Heraty 1998). Several critics believe it as a restatement of basic personnel functions (Armstrong as cited in Garavan, Morley, Heraty 1998). Others believe it is a mixture of personnel management and industrial relations (Guest as cited in Garavan, Morley, Heraty 1998). Two additional perspectives were emphasized by critics such as Beardwell and Holden (1997) and Brewster (1993, 1995) an approach to HRM that emphasises the role of the individual within organisations and HRM as a strategic and international function. The two latter perspectives have channelise several critics to describe battles between traditional personnel and human resource management (Garavan, Morley, Heraty 1998). Also, there is evidence that every now and then experts view personnel and HRM as dichotomous models for managing human resources (Fowler Legge as cited in Garavan, Morley, Heraty 1998).The difference between personnel a nd Human resource management are sensed as a matter of emphasis and approach rather than one of substance, according to Hendry and Pettigrew HRM can be perceived as a perspective on personnel management and not personnel management itself (Armstrong, 2006, p.20). Basically, Personnel management is an operational function that deals with the execution of daily people management activities. In contrast, the nature of HRM is strategic, that is, being concerned with helping an organisation simply to achieve sustained competitive advantage (IQPC, 2006). Moreover, personnel management is more passive than HRM, where the maintenance of personnel and administrative systems is what personnel management is all about. On the contrary, HRM is concerned with forecasting of organisational needs, the continual monitoring and adjustment of personnel systems to meet current and future requirements, and the management of change (IQPC, 2006). According to Edvardsson freelancer of the similarities or differences between HRM and personnel management, the core business of the HR function is to develop the employees in accordance to the business strategy, select and hire people, train and develop the staff, evaluate their performance, reward them, and create a culture of learning. (2003, p.6).It is argued over and over that, Human resource management (HRM) has a significant role to play in assuring high levels of service prize, given the value of the guest/employee interaction to the service encounter (Haynes Fryer, 2000).The act of consuming a product differs from service customer, where the latter engages a pleasantly understated and mazy experience which is personal and emotional. (Schneider and Bowen as cited in Haynes Fryer, 2000). Subsequently it is astonishing to find that our understanding of the correlation between HRM policies and practices and service quality remains half(prenominal) (Haynes Fryer, 2000). The advice is largely normative and the links between good HRM practice and the quality of service that the customer receives are typically only inferred (Redman Mathews as cited in Haynes Fryer, 2000, p.240)Such misunderstanding is partially a result of the traditional instruction of HRM on quantifiable outcomes not directly related to service such as labour turnover, absenteeism, and productivity. (Haynes Fryer, 2000) The lack of focus on service outcomes is attributed as a measure of HRM performance to the manufacturing paradigm within which HRM is believed to be developed. Conversely, in most cases the HRM literature has inclined the assumption that the relationship between HRM and organisational performance are positive. Until recently, there was no interest in measuring the do of HRM on organisational performance. (Haynes Fryer, 2000)A positive relationship between high performance HRM policies and practices, and organisational performance is reported by several studies over the past decades. (Arther 1994 Delaney Huselid, 1996 Huselid, 1995 Huselid et al., 1997 MacDuffie, 1995 as cited in Haynes Fryer, 2000) (Arthur, 1992 Dyer and Reeves, 1995 Ichniowski, et al., 1997 MacDuffie, 1995 as cited in Haynes Fryer). Lately, attention has focused on the adroitness of internally reliable and synergistic HRM bundles or systems, especially to create competitive advantage associated with organisational strategies (Arthur, 1992 Dyer and Reeves, 1995 Ichniowski, et al., 1997 MacDuffie, 1995 as cited in Haynes Fryer).Human resource management in corporative banks is more sensitive, personalised, context dependent and cannot be handled through a collection of pre-identified procedures than any other management function. Nowadays, HRM is seen as a strategic tool for competitive advantage rather than being a supportive function only. Actually, it is hard to practice customer-centric strategic management without initially achieving customer satisfaction. Consequently, customer satisfaction is achieved after reaching e mployee satisfaction. Cooperative banks must prioritise their options near workforce engagement, which is derived from a cautious examination of the needs of the business. Successful HRM necessitates banks to perform a sound management philosophy that compliments human self-regard and diversity and are devoted to the development of employees, consider in the value of employees involvement and engage them in decision making and share the wealthiness equitably and fairly. (Ramu, 2008)Research AimsThis study is concerned with the evolution of HRM in Egypt. What the research worker thinks is that HR managers in Egypt end up doing much the same things personnel managers were doing 20 years ago, which are designed to run yesterdays organisations rather than concentrating on the importance of HRM. The researcher wants to examine the following pointsWhether HRM practices in banking orbit in Egypt already exist or its only about personnel management? This pass on be discovered through c overing the following aspectsStrategic PerspectiveChange ManagementTraining DevelopmentCareer ManagementPerformance ManagementThen suggest a model for banks to use to enhance their HR practices which will enable them to compete in straight off global, competitive, and dynamic market.Research ObjectiveResearch Question Are HR departments in banking sector in Egypt concentrates on Personnel Management?Research HypothesisAlternative hypothesis 1 HR departments in banking sector apply traditional personnel management.Null hypothesis 1 HR departments in banking sector do apply contemporary HRM practicesResearch methodological analysisIn collecting primary entropy, the researcher preferred to use soft research methodology as it is the appropriate tool for the research. The qualitative research will be based on semi-structured interviews conducted with selected HR managers and managers in other departments as well as top management if possible. Structured questionnaires will be distrib uted among selected employees.The Main resources that the researcher is going to use for the secondary data includeOnline business journals and academic databasesBooksArticlesTimescale

Concepts of Abnormal Behaviour

Concepts of Ab common rove Behaviour1.1Normal deportment is known as fashion that is widely accepted as the prescribed norms of a detail society. For example, it is normal for an American to greet someone by shaking hands. Adhering to normal bearing satisfies individuals need to fit into society. The magnate to behave normall(a)y similarly allows one to fulfill the innate need to interact with others. Abnormal behavior contrasts normal behavior in that it is un pleasant behavior which is outside of the norm of work behavior. Abnormal behaviors could range from minor deviations from societal norms to very voiceless behaviors that atomic number 18 considered taboo, or forbidden. at that space is a dilemma in specify how these concepts are defined in that behaviors which are known to be accept able-bodied in one elaboration may non be tolerated in another. No single culture can determine a figure for normalcy deep down another society, since this would imply that anoth er cultures societal rules are incorrect. Instead, it is necessary to consider behaviors in the abstract cultural context, as suggested in an article entitled, Epidemiology of major depression in quatern cities in Mexico. 11.2To potently treat the underlying pathological dis collections that come irregular behaviors, researchers have created paradigms that describe possible explanations for psychopathology. The Biological Paradigm of abnormal behavior states that mental disorders are the result of biological processes. For instance, research in the line of Behavior Genetics describes how genes play a significant role in individuals behavior. Also, irregularity in the amount of neurotransmitters released between neurons is the root of some disorders, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Depression and Manic Disorder. Another model is the Humanistic and experiential Paradigm. It holds that people who remain firm from abnormal behavior lack insight into their life issues (Davison e t. al., 2003). 2Paradigms such as the ones described above are invaluable in working with individuals who suffer from pathological behavior. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of rational Disorders (DSM) is a universal diagnostic tool that categorizes models of abnormal behavior and provides clinicians with nurture about a clients mental functioning (American psychiatricalal Association, 2000).3 The DSM lists specific criteria that are required for an individual to either have features of a particular mental disorder or further, be diagnosed with one. The DSM also incorporates portions of the world-wide Classification of Diseases (ICD) manual that pertain to mental disorders. The ICD is typically employ by health check lords.The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of intellectual Disorders (DSM) outlines categories of disorders according to the Multiaxial judgement Model, which breaks up disorders into five axes of functioning. Axis I allow ins clinical disorders such a s Depression, Manic Disorder and schizophrenic psychosis. Axis II encompasses soulfulnessality disorders such as Histrionic Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. It also includes mental Retardation. Axis III is comprised of medical disorders. Axis IV contains Psycho amicable and Environmental Problems such as life problems not attri aloneed to a clinical, psycheality or medical disorder. The last axis encapsulates an individuals Global Assessment of Functioning, which is a rating system that represents a persons overall take aim of mental health.The classification system for mental disorders is comprehensive in masking versatile areas of mental disorders and symptomology. However, more or less studies that have assisted researchers in meeting place the information included in the DSM were performed by homogenous researchers and did not include diverse study participants. Thus, applicability of the DSM to other cultures is disputed by professionals. expo sit about the inapplicability of Western cultural values upon other cultures are displayed in an article titled, Mental health issues for Asiatic Americans, by Lin and Cheung.4 In order to attempt to deflect this shortcoming, DSM collaborators decided to include popular disorders of other cultures within the DSM. For example, the DSM incorporates Taijin kyofusho, a Japanese disorder described in an article titled, The place of culture in psychiatric nosology Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R.5 Although this admittance is somewhat helpful, results of a study titled, The place of culture in DSM-IV, focused on divulge integrating diverse populations encourages statisticians to integrate multicultural issues into diagnostic systems.61.3One of the great struggles a mental health professional faces in canvass a client is differentiating which disorder a client may potentially have. Spitzer portrays this encumbrance through research titled, The DSM-III-R house rill of disruptive behavi or disorders.7 The obstacle lies in categorizing symptoms into only one disorder. For example, sleep disturbance is both a symptom of depression and anxiety. Although in that location are notable difficulties in diagnosing a client, differentiation is an significant component of diagnosis, and eventually in administrating the allot word. If a client is misdiagnosed ascribable to lack of scrutiny during the assessment and diagnosis period, the results could be detrimental.2.1Mental disease is a complex subject with various facets. However, there is a major similarity in the mode of discussion options allowed to people suffering from mental illness. In m both cases a persons quality of life can be sustained by managing the illness through therapeutic means and possibly psychotropic medicinal drug. Regrettably, however, there are a percentage of people who may not bump the full benefits of interposition. An examination of the differences within mental illness is required i n order to grasp a better understanding of why this is so.Mental illness is divided into two major categories neuroses and psychoses. Neuroses represent those mental illnesses that cause a person put out however, there is opportunity to remedy the computer engineer of distress ground on a persons level of insight into the illness. Mood, anxiety, attachment, eating, and personality disorders are some of the illnesses encapsulated under the menage of neuroses. Psychoses are similar to neuroses in that they also cause a level of distress that hampers cursory functioning. Conversely, however, psychoses also encompass disorders that include delusional and hallucinatory features. In result, a person suffering from a psychosis lacks the insight to understand that these psycho features are of a pathological nature (American psychiatric Association, 2000). Disorders under the neuroses category include schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and insane disorder. While give-and-take optio ns for neurotic disorders are vast and prognosis for long-run mental health possible, the outlook for treatment and prognosis of psychotic disorders is not optimistic in umteen cases, as suggested in the article, Recovery from mental illness.82.2Several images of psychopathological disorders have been place over time. These disorders are now categorized in the DSM according to what areas of functioning are affected and symptomology. For instance, one category includes mood disorders. Bipolar Disorder, anxiousness Disorder and Depression are found under this heading because all of them affect mood. A second category, eating disorders, includes anorexia and bulimia. Psychotic Disorders are most severe and include disorders such as schizophrenic disorder and Delusional Disorder.Schizophrenia is one of the most studied psychotic disorders and deserves further explanation. Based on the DSM, criteria for diagnosing a person with the disorder are that it last for at least six months and contain at least one month of active-phase symptoms. These symptoms include one or more of the following delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms (such as affective flattening). otherwise symptomology that is common with Schizophrenia is severe social and occupational dysfunction, which incapacitates important daily living skills. Additionally, there are three subtypes that more clearly name which symptoms are most prominent within individual sufferers Paranoid Schizophrenia causes the sufferer to experience delusions and hallucinations in a paranoid state. In result, the person may accuse another entity or person of wanting to distress the sufferer. Disorganized Schizophrenia is diagnosed when a client is having difficulty expressing himself properly. Both design and speech may be disorganized and incomprehensible. A person with catatonic Type Schizophrenia displays very little facial expressions, body movements or other normal physical movements and speech.Every clients symptoms and any applicable subtype may vary. This variation within the disorder makes diagnosis and treatment a difficult task.3.1Based on the severity of symptomology, the forecast for effective treatment is not hopeful. However, some treatment options are available. One approach is called Psychosocial Rehabilitation, and is a popular form of treatment for sufferers of schizophrenia, as described in the study, Psychosocial rehabilitation services in friendship abide systems.9 This model consists of reintroducing clients to basic living skills in order to function in society and in effect, avoid being institutionalized, as stated in the study, psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization.10Additionally, the Humanistic Theory is utilized often with this population due to its introspective nature. Theorists who utilize this modality attempt to teach the client to live increasingly self-aware a nd gain insight into their behaviors and illness. The irony in development this approach is that it is precisely the type of treatment the client needs but has most difficulty applying. medicine is also used as a mode of treatment, mainly to decrease psychotic symptoms. In The Texas medical specialty algorithmic program project, a study by Chiles et. al, the researchers created an algorithm for administering medication to patients with Schizophrenia.11 The article details the type of psychotropic medication that should be used, including a decision tree diagram model for administration. The article also details various types of medication used with patients with Schizophrenia. Medication such as Risperidone and haloperidol is mainly used for psychotic symptoms while __________ is used for symptoms related to depressive symptoms as a result of the schizophrenia.3.2The types of therapy adumbrate above can be relatively effective for clients with schizophrenia based on extensive res earch and application. However, some important factors regarding the implications of therapies and treatment should be considered, particularly due to the nature of the clients symptoms.Most importantly, it is all important(p) that there be a positive client-therapist match. The therapist should have the ability to build rapport with the client, be knowledgeable about Schizophrenia, and remain professional in spite of irrational thoughts and processes displayed by the client. Moreover, the therapist should be invested in the client long-term, due to the nature of this type of therapy. There is no timeline for resultant role of the clients problem in the case of Schizophrenia, but or else maintenance of well-being and management of symptoms. This tedious therapeutic process could develop increasingly frustrating. However, the onus is upon the therapist to handle this frustration with a perceive of beneficence, thereby, remaining emotionally available and dedicated to the client. Once a bank relationship is established, it is important for the therapist to consider what therapies will realistically be effective. Many modalities can be used, such as chemical group, family and individual therapy support groups and various others. However, great importance must be placed on the individual clients needs. As stated earlier, people who suffer from schizophrenia have very little insight into their behaviors and symptoms. It is important to address the clients current stressors in a practical and capable manner. For instance, if a therapist is dealing with someone who suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, a group setting may be difficult for this client.In many cases, medication is also applied as a treatment approach, although carefully. Though many of the recommended medication that exists for schizophrenia seems to work quite effectively, there are long-term side effects. Because schizophrenia is a life long disorder, medication may only make matters worse by i gniting damaging side effects. Additionaly, it is important to know whether clients can accurately assess whether a certain medication is helping or hurting. At times, they may not be able to determine this objectively. Professionals have the responsibility of advocating for their clients so that clients are not misled or disadvantaged. Also, both clinicians and psychiatrists must collaborate closely due to for clients need for both medication and long term therapy. As several(prenominal) studies show, any of the two given alone would not be as effective (Chiles, 1999).Ultimately, professionals must make decisions that are most beneficial for the client. There is opportunity for this population to be taken advantage of quite well due to their lack of understanding about their circumstances. Unfortunately, sometimes therapists decide not to terminate therapy even though they believe the client has learned appropriate life skills and does not need therapy at the time. Psychiatrists c an prescribe medication to a client only because they are promoting a certain type at the time, although the medication might not be the most compatible. ascribable to disheartening situations such as these, it is important for professionals who are dedicated to the field to work beneficently for the client while considering the most practical and ethical modalities of treatment (Davison, 2003).BibliographyAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, foursomethly Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.Anthony WA. (1993). Recovery from mental illness the guiding vision of the mental health system in the 1990s. Innovations and search 2(3)17-24.Chiles, J, Miller, A., Crismon, M., Rush, A., Krasnoff, A., and Shon,S. (1999). The Texas Medication Algorithm Project Development and Implementation of the Schizophrenia Algorithm. Psychiatric Services, 5069-74.Davison, G Neale, J., Kring, A. (2003). Abnorm al Psychology with Cases, 9th Edition. California put-on Wiley Sons, Inc.DeSisto MJ, Harding CM, McCormack RV, et al. (1995). The Maine and Vermont three-decade studies of weighty mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 167331-342.Harding CM, Zahniser JH. (1994). Empirical correction of seven-spot myths about schizophrenia with implications for treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 90140-146.Kent S, Yellowlees PM. (1994). Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization. hospital and Community Psychiatry 45347-350.Kirmayer L.J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders. 179(1)19-28.Lin, K., Cheung, F. (1999). Mental health issues for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services 50774-780.Mezzich JE, Kirmayer LJ, Kleinman A, Fabrega H Jr, Parron DL, Good BJ, Lin KM, Manson SM. (1999). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187(8)457-64.Rogler LH. (1996). Fr aming research on culture in psychiatric diagnosis the case of the DSM-IV. Psychiatry, 59(2)145-55.Roshel Lenroot, M.D., Juan R. Bustillo, M.D., John Lauriello, M.D. and Samuel J. Keith. (2003). consolidation of Care Integrated Treatment of Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 541499-1507.Slone LB, Norris FH, stump spud AD, baker CK, Perilla JL, Diaz D, Rodriguez FG, de Jesus Gutierrez Rodriguez J. (2006). Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. Journal of Depression and Anxiety.Spitzer RL, Davies M, Barkley RA. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and boyish Psychiatry, 29(5) 690-7.Thakker J, Ward T. (1998). shade and classification the cross-cultural application of the DSM-IV. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(5)501-29.Footnotes1 Slone LB, Norris FH, Murphy AD, Baker CK, Perilla JL, Diaz D, Rodriguez FG, de Jesus Gutierrez Rodriguez J. (2006). Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. Journal of Depression and Anxiety.2 Davison, G Neale, J., Kring, A. (2003). Abnormal Psychology With Cases, 9th Edition. California John Wiley Sons, Inc.3 American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, stern Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.4 Lin, K., Cheung, F. (1999). Mental health issues for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services 50774-780.5 Kirmayer L.J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders. 179(1)19-28.6 Mezzich JE, Kirmayer LJ, Kleinman A, Fabrega H Jr, Parron DL, Good BJ, Lin KM, Manson SM. (1999). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187(8)457-64.7 Spitzer RL, Davies M, Barkley RA. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5) 690-7.8 Anthony, W. (1993). Recovery from mental illness the guiding vision of the mental health system in the 1990s. Innovations and Research 2(3)17-24.9 Barton, R. (1999). Psychosocial rehabilitation services in community support systems a review of outcomes and policy recommendations. Psychiatric Services, 50525-534.10 Kent S, Yellowlees PM. (1994). Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45347-350.11 Chiles, J, Miller, A., Crismon, M., Rush, A., Krasnoff, A., and Shon,S. (1999). The Texas Medication Algorithm Project Development and Implementation of the Schizophrenia Algorithm. Psychiatric Services, 5069-74.

Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Interventions

Effectiveness of pop Justice InterventionsRestorative legal expert is a holistic philosophy and a i hand out as it encompasses the off give uper, the dupe and the union in which the criminal offense was vestted. It aims to bring a conclusive end to the offence committed by making almost type of reparations for the ill impart inflicted, the hurt ca personad and the deepening of the urge to re-offend. Restorative justness, although a part of the iniquitous legal expert process, is non a part of the criminal rightness formation as one of its goals it to on the whole toldeviate the damage caused by the criminal nicety trunk on the wrongdoer and the dupe.There ar m either explanations of the purpose of tonic justice (Zehr, 1990, 1997 Van Ness, 1996 Van Ness Strong, 1997 Sherman Strong, 2007 Amour et al, 2008). This shows that the c formerlypt remains hard to define (McCold, 1999 Brazeto a greater extent Schiff, 2001 Latimer et al, 2005 Pranis, 2007). However, at a United Nations Convention, a working definition was adopted and titled the Marsh alone Definition (McCold, 1999 Newell, 2002) the pursual is his definition Restorative justice is a process whereby parties with a put up in a specific offence collectively solve how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future (Marshall, 1999). Mier (1998), attempts to define soda pop justice without any(prenominal) reference to two of the circles namely the victim and golf club. In a later definition Menkel-Medow (2007) acknowledges Marshalls definition precisely attempts to be more concise quinine water justice in its most idealised form attempts to repair, restore, reconcile and reintegrate offenders and victims to each other and to their shared fellowship. However, the United Nations and the Council of Europe energise concord that thither are differences in the terminologies and ideologies on restorative justice (Roche, 2001 Mier et al, 2001 Johnst one et al, 2006). With or without an accurate definition the concept of restorative justice has been in use since the early 1970s in Canada and after became astrayly used and identify with Victim offender mediation (VOM), conferencing, circles, victim assistance, ex-offender assistance, restitution and community service. Whereas punitory/criminal justice focuses on punishment, the restorative paradigm emphasizes accountability, better, and closure (Umbriet, 1998) and asks at the offence as on the person and not on the state. champion of the major consequences of restorative justice is the healing or closure for the victim of the offence. For too long the victim was made to suffer the offence many a(prenominal) times over in the criminal justice system and in some cases feel a level of disrespect, as the case was dragged by dint of court, this caused the victims to run that gauntlet of emotions over again and sometimes being unable to cope with those feelings they skip hearing s or even cause the case to be quashed letting the offender go free and feeling that he had the proceeds (Graef, 2000 Herman Webster, 2005 Newell cited in Edgar, 2002. Menkle-Medow, 2007 YJB, 2008) In the criminal justice system the victim is hardly ever given an opportunity to explain how the have been imp human activityed by the offence and sometimes are not even given the possibility to meet their offender in court, this can cause repression of emotions and gain scaring, they are given in truth few real opportunities to become an active musician in the court process because the criminal justice system is all about the offender and not the victim (Herman Webster, 2005 Umbreit 1998 YJB, 2008). In restorative justice the emphasis ideally should be on all three sections relating to the offence the victim, the offender and the society/community (Newell, 2002 Schiff, 2007 Marshall 1999) surrounding the offence, however a little more emphasis is placed in many cases on the victi m, this type of mediation (Graef, 2000) makes the victims feel that they are an grand factor (Graef, 2000 Crawford et al, 2003 Herman Webster, 2005 Angel, 2005 Kubanzky, 2007 cited in Sherman Strang, 2007). With restorative justice the victim feels a since of vindication at a lower placestanding the reasons, if any, tooshie why they were targeted for the offence which sometimes lead to an cause that this will not happen to them again, at least not by the hands of the uniform offender and that they were not the cause of the offence being inflicted upon them (Umbriet, 1998 Graef, 2000 Herman Webster, 2005 Green 2007). As a moment of restoration the victim is able to put a face to the aversion and not be assailed with the fear that the culprit is button up out there watching them even living next portal to them or mayhap a friend, they are more satisfied with the result (McCold et al 1998 Strang 2002 Sherman Strang 2007 Tudor, 2002.). The victims feel comfortable and are able to reintegrate themselves into society as a productive member (Umbriet, 1998 Marshall 1999 Graef, 2000). In cases where the victim is allowed to decide the retribution of the offender they can feel a guts of justice as the sentence is exactly what they want in guild to feel retribution for the crime committed this assists in repairing the harm caused (Herman Webster, 2005 Schiff, 2007). Restorative justice is seen in these cases to be much more rehabilitative than any correctional programme in the criminal justice system because it is the humans side of the offence (Graef, 2000 Herman Webster, 2005 Tudor, 2002.) and it places emphasis on repairing relationships which are the tapestry of society (Schiff, 2007).Linda Radzik (2007) argues that restorative justice focuses heavily on the ability of the offender to clear positive restorative action (Graef, 2000), she continues to point out that in all cases in request for this action to be fully restorative it must be since re and free (Umbreit 1994 Menkle-Medow, 2007). It must too be offered for the right-hand(a) reasons and must also be married with other sincere and voluntary efforts on the part of the offender, such as a change in behaviour (Radzik, 2007). Radzik (2007) also goes on to outline the necessary steps the offender inevitably to complete in enjoin to be considered reformed infra the restorative justice concept.One of the main consequences of restorative justice is that the offender is able to heal in a more positive and possibly holistic demeanor, thus limiting the impact of his suffering, to the criminal justice method of earth shaming, this type of indirect shaming does not rehabilitate the offender but usually leads to further anger being internalised and then released as further offending (Graef, 2000). Within this system the offender is treated for the offence, this treatment may be for the psychological, psychiatric or other underlying problem which is underlying the offe nce committed and may not be limited to handed-down medicated treatments but may take the form of counselling, examination of self and emotions and understanding the impact of their actions (Umbriet, 1998 Graef, 2000 Radzik, 2006 Schiff, 2007 Menkle-Medow, 2007). Sutton (2002) states that the restorative justice process provides a concrete manner in which offenders can confront their own behaviour and the damage it causes. He goes on to say that the object is not to punish the offender of the prison houseer but to show how they can become a part of the community even a prison community. Braithwaite (1989 cited in Graef, 2000) countered with the argument that shaming can be a useful tool in the restorative process and once used wisely forms a part of the offenders rehabilitation, this is called rehabilitative shaming.In order for restorative justice to work and healing to take place, the offender must take responsibility for their own actions and the gear up on those impacted (Gra ef, 2000). Walgrave (2007 p.562) agrees that crime is a public event. The succeeding(a) excerpt sums up the result of the act of taking responsibility by the offenderIn the restorative process, the victim has the opportunity to witness the offender taking responsibility for his or her actions and apologising for his or her behaviour. For the offender, this means taking responsibility for what happened, but doing so in a context in which he or she is reassured that he or she need to be defined by that action now ostracized incessantly by family, friends and community. Traditional processes tend to stigmatize both the act and the actor, in the restorative process the two are distinguished so that the offender having acknowledged responsibility and made reparations, can earn his or her instruction back to acceptance by the community (Brazemore, 1998 cited in Schiff, 2007 p.231).Another important result of the restorative justice process with respect to the offender is its effect on the offenders family. In many instances there are reports of the family of offenders having to hide from the public or even move to other countries, states and deny any relationship with the offender because the public is willing to take their revenge on the family if they cannot have the offender (Tudor, pp 16-19, 2002). This occurs too often to the detriment of the family and the offender. The offender usually look to their family for support, comfort and love no matter how heinous the crime, however if the family or support unit feels endangered by the actions of persons who are not in favour with the offender then they may not want to be in contact or may fall on sully deeds at the hands of another in society who in angry. The offenders also need a support system in order to reintegrate as a productive and valued member, usually love ones are the bridge which they use to regain trust and acceptance from society, if this is not there then there maybe a relapse (Graef, 2000, Sutt on, 2002). In many cases restorative justice limits the suffering on the family of the offender. Sutton (2002) takes this a little further by proposing that prisons should be seen as extensions of the community and not a separate entity because it makes the offenders visible and he indicates that the prisons are community service vehicles or working communities (Graef, 2000 Sutton, 2002) and need to be seen as such, this he says is achieved through restorative justice. Through this restorative process the offender is able to re-evaluate their actions and use the engagement of support which is given to ensure that they never re-offend (Graef, 2000 Schiff, 2007).A recent instruct report on expenditure in the criminal courts by the centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) indicated that expenditure in the criminal courts system ruddiness by as much as thirty-one percent to 1027.89 jillion within the past three years, while staffing fell by xiv percent (1,088 staff members) and the number of cases brought to the Crown Court increased by seventeen percent. This is a crucial expenditure on any governance for a criminal justice system. It is neatly summed up by Schiff (2007) when she stated that the criminal justice system assumes that the government is responsible to address all stakeholder concerns. Pranis (2002) made mention of the skyrocketing personify of punishment, and noted that restorative justice demand much little monetary investment as it is about healing and reparations. While Menkle-Medow (2007) stated that restorative justice is less costly and more efficient in monetary and deterrent effects. Due to the fact that restorative justice responds to crime and offences without utilising salaried members of the system (police, legal aid, lawyers, magistrates, clerical personnel, prison personnel, in-house counsellors and hospitals) and solutions within the system (correctional facilities, jails and hospitals) the cost of the offender and victi m is much less (Marshall, 1999 Sherman Strang, 2007 Menkle-Medow, 2007). Even delays within the criminal justice system cause increases in cost. In a paper by the Barrow Cadbury Trust there are calculations showing the various costs and savings of diversions of cases from the criminal justice system to the restorative justice and juvenile system. It shows tremendous saving from these diversions in a period of one to five years. deviations to restorative justice conferencing will realise a savings of 7,050 per offender diversions from custody to community orders via changes in sentencing guidelines will realise a savings of 1,032 per offender and diversions from trial under adult law to trial under juvenile law chase maturity assessment is likely to produce a lifetime cost saving to society of almost 420 per offender (Barrow Cadbury Trust, 2009). This will produce significant savings over the life of some cases where preparatory time is high school and the chances of winning the case is low This is summarised by Sherman and Strang (2007) in the following bring up ..one is to wither the use of courts for processes that fail to bring offenders to justice. A second is to reduce the use of prisons for offenders whose incarceration does not prevent total crime.The unintended consequences coming out from the positive side of restorative justice as listed by the National set up of Justice (2007) involves such things as the co-option of restorative process for coercive or punitive ends undue offender orientation and the expansion of social control. However according to the National Institute of Justice (2007) these are to be resisted.From the above references and studies conducted restorative justice has shown itself to be not only cost effective but also very effective in reintegrating and re-establishing some sense of normalcy in the lives of some if not most of the victims which were involved in the process. More research needs to be conducted on the variab les of restorative justice which in more countries to be able to come to firm and conclusive statements regarding the concept. This research will also bring conclusion to thoughts from Miers et al (2001) who says that restorative justice is time devour and labour intensive beset by communication problems and delays. Even if restorative justice does not become a mainstream section of the system, it can kinda possibly be integrated into the present criminal justice system to deal with offenders or criminals (Walgrave, 2007 p. 569). In this manner he is countered by Sherman Strang (2007) with the following summary views on the effectiveness of restorative justiceCrime victims who gather up restorative justice do better, than victims who do not, across a wide range of outcomes, including post-traumatic stress.In many tests, offenders who receive restorative justice commit fewer repeat crimes than offenders who do not.In no large-sample test has restorative justice increased repeat o ffending compared with criminal justiceDiversion from prosecution to RJ substantially increases the odds of an offender being brought to justice.Restorative justice can do as well as, or better than, brusque prison sentences, as measured by repeat offending.Restorative justice reduces stated victim desire for violent revenge against offenders.With these above successes the must be some place in the system for restorative justice.

The Effects Of Task Based Listening English Language Essay

The effects Of caper Based audience side lyric poem EssayIn the Malayan educational context, the main purpose of inc take out phrase localiseion is to prepargon learners for effective and efficient chat in English in their social and professional situations (Chitravelu et al, 1995, p.4). In m any a(prenominal) organizations, English is the main talking to of communication and single wishings to be competent in English in order to observe and advance in the respective organization. The vastness of English lecture as a global phrase has everto a greater extent been a major motivating feature in the accomplishment and engross of the talking to in Malaysia especially as a medium to discharge information in science and technology, commerce and trade as tumefy as for entertainment and media. In April 2000, at that place was an issue senior highlighted in the loudness media about the reasons behind the in might of some 39,000 graduates in the country to drag a j ob. Tan Sri Musa Mohamad the Minister of Education at that prison term as quoted in the New Straits Times express that, employers did non just look at ones qualification but in like manner f carryors equal personality, potential, English attainment and experience. This implies that job drawkers should try to achieve certain take of mastery of English to military service them secure conquer jobs curiously in private sector. Besides, job interviews for professional va keepcies in critical fields like Law, Accountancy and Engineering argon generally understood to be conducted in English (Hanapiah, 2004)In many contexts where English is admirationed as a irrelevant as opposed to a second quarrel, thither are many worrys in developing real communicative competence in learners including the competency to perceive and compensate properly. Brown and Yule (1983) believe that many wrangle learners regard announce skills as the criteria for issueing a phraseology. They defined fluency as the ability to pass away with some others untold much than the ability to read, write and comprehend literal linguistic process. However, accomplishment to talk in the foreign language is oftentimes considered to be one of the difficult aspects of language teaching for the teacher to help students with. Unlike written language, it is similarly non easy to give wake slight models of intercommunicate language for the foreign learners.According to Bygate (1987), one of the basic problems in foreign-language teaching is to prepare learners to be fitting to use the language. How the preparation is through and how successful it lead be, are really much depending on how the teachers empathize the aim of teaching the language (p.3). The main features of address which chamberpot be traced to the ful modify conditions of communication involve the time factor in which the manner of spoken presentation are being spoken as they are being intract subje ct and understood. The fact that the language is being spoken as it is being unflinching affects the spillers ability to plan and organize the communicate, and to control the language. Thus, mistakes often occur in the message and in the choice of speech communication during a conversation (ibid. p12).1.3 bearingThe objective of the bailiwick is to investigate the effects of depute- base smell out of hearing activities on the speechmaking performance of FELDAs EFL learners. The difference in students oration performance before and afterward undergoing the Task -Based Listening activities would be one of the main concerns in this memorise. A comparison entrust be drawn between the TBL and non TBL classes to recognise whether there is any difference in students utterance performance.Besides, students confidence to speak is some other area of interest to be investigated in this ingest. It is hoped that the study result be able to identify any significant difference in students aim of confidence to converse in English after undergoing the Task- found auditory sense activities as compared to those who accommodate non been exposed to the activities.Another objective of the study is to investigate FELDAs EFL learners post towards the implementation of the parturiency-based seeing activities. Expressions of each decreed or negative livelinessings towards the caper-based listening activities leave reflect impressions of the intensity level of the activities in enhancing students speaking skill.1.2 Problem invokementSpeaking is considered one of the some difficult language skills to attain among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. In rural setting schools, particularly in the FELDA (Federal Land Development Authority) scheme, there is a lack of exposure and communicative use of the English language. most(prenominal) students regard English as serving very limited map once they leave the classroom and as such they hardly s ee the assume to use it in their daily life.As in the classroom setting most EFL learners or else remain silent or retrogress to rote tuition when they are required to respond to a speaking task. As such, it is a demanding task for language teachers to provide sufficient inputs for students to be competent speakers of English (Bygate, 1987). Students usually feel insecure about their train of English and face problems communicating as well as expressing themselves in the tush language. As a result, they rather remain silent as they are in fear of making mistakes and do not limn active participation in speaking lessons. Ian G. Malcolm (1987) refers to the guarded and taciturn manner of students who refuse to speak as the shyness syndrome and that this problem has been propounded of Polynesians in New Zealand, various American Indian groups, Hispanics in the United States, corrosive Americans and Southeast Asians. Malcolm quoting Tan (1976) and Salleh (1981) says that many p upils in Southeast Asian classrooms are bilinguals whose use of the classroom language is hesitant. Yap (1979) overly quoted as state that the frequent complaint mainly in secondary schools is that learners do not respond or take too long to respond, or speak too softly (cited in Gaudart ,2003, p.2)Emphasis should thus be granted to address this problem as speaking is an grievous element in mastering English language. Therefore, it is of the essence(p) to explore new methods of teaching in order to arouse students speaking performance and confidence to use the language.1.4 research QuestionsThe study attempts to answer the questions that follow1) What is the speaking performance of FELDA learners after undergoing task-based erudition activities?2) Do task-based listening activities enhance EFL students confidence to speak in English?3) What are the attitudes of the FELDA EFL learners towards task-based listening activities in enhancing their speaking performance?1.5 Signific ance of studyThe determinations may provide language teachers with specific language teaching procedures to enhance ESL learners ability and confidence to communicate orally in English. Besides, in a wider scope, the study can overly be employ as the yard measure in designing supplementary materials to assist teachers in teaching speaking skill more effectively in the Malaysian classrooms.1.6 Definitions of termsThe chase terms are significant in this study1.6.1 Task-based Listening ActivitiesTask-based Language instruct (TBLT) or Task-based command (TBI) makes the performance of meatful tasks central to the study run. The Task-based listening activities which will be used are based on bona fide materials used in teaching second language. Nunan (1999) defines authentic materials as spoken or written language data that has been produced in the year of genuine communication, and not specifically written for purposes of language teaching. The materials are based on the rea l world context outside classroom in situations in which they really occur.Gebhard (1996) suggested some examples of the authentic materials that may serve as source for lesson training including for listening and speaking class. The authentic listening- viewing materials entangle TV commercials, quiz deputes, cartoons, news clips, comedy shows, movies, soap operas, professionally audio-taped lilliputian stories and novels, radio advertisements, songs, documentaries and sales pitches. In this study, the task based listening activities will accept the use of audio CDs on selected stories and songs. Throughout the implementation of the activities students are required to respond to certain tasks related to the selected materials following the framework for task-based learning proposed by Jane Willis (1996) which comprise of pre-task, task cycle and language nidus. Among the tasks suggested include listing(e.g. cortical potential/ fact keying), ordering or sorting (e.g. sequenc ing/ ranking), comparing (e.g. matching/ pay offing similarities or differences), problem solving (e.g. analysing real situation/ decision making), manduction experience (e.g. nar rank/opinions) and creative tasks which includes all the tasks mentioned.1.6.2 Speaking PerformanceSpeaking in a second language involves the development of a particular cause of communication skills. Because of its circumstances of production, oral language tends to differ from written language in its typical grammar, lexical and discourse patterns (Tareq Mitib, 2009). A person can be considered to be able to perform well in speaking skill when he is able to speak a language utilize the components congeally for example by making the right sounds, choosing the right words and getting the constructions grammatically correct. Pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary tasks will focus on the need for get along in language accuracy. At the said(prenominal) time, one also needs to get a clear message across and this involves choosing provide content or ideas to suit a situation, e.g. deciding what is polite or what might appear rude, how to interrupt or how to participate in a conversation. (http//www.britishcouncil.org/languageassistant/pdf/Unit4.pdf )1.6.3 school Based Oral AssessmentPreviously the English SPM psychometric testing had an oral examination component which was graded based on the candidates scholarship of a dialogue text and the ability to respond to a pictorial stimuli. However, the test was considered to be inadequate since students proficiency in English language continued to drop to the point where prospective employers in private and authorities sectors complained about the inability of graduates to converse in even the most cardinal situations (Vinodini Murugesan, 2003).In 2002, the School-Based Oral Assessment (SBOA) was implemented for the first time on Form tetrad students who will be sitting for SPM in 2003 to supervene upon the old oral assessment an d this time it is considered to be in line with the communicative language teaching approach adopted in Malaysian schools. The School-Based Oral Assessment (SBOA) consists of 4 specimens. The models are Model 1Individual, Model 2Student-Prompter, Model 3Pair work and Model 4 Group work. Students are to be assessed twice in Form Four (using Model 1 and 2) and once in Form Five (using either Model 3 or Model 4). Marks are tending(p) based on students ability to converse on a route out effectively with appropriate responses, speak fluently using correct and satisfactory pronunciation, speak coherently, speak the language using a wide rate of appropriate vocabulary in spite of appearance context and speak using correct grammar. In some cases, students can really request to repeat the test if deemed necessary especially when they are not satisfied with their rack up. The total fit for each assessment is 30. When the students are in Form 5, the best mark among the triple assessm ents will be taken and submitted together with other School Based Assessment Marks for SPM examination to the Malaysian Examination notice (Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia).1.6.4 ConfidenceConfidence can be defined as a belief in one own ability to do things and be successful (Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, 7th ed., 2005, p.318). It is ones perceptions of ones own abilities to achieve a stated outcome. ARCS Model of Motivational Design developed by John M. Keller of Florida State University identified Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfaction as the foursome steps for promoting and sustaining motive in the learning process. According to Keller, confidence helps students to understand their likelihood for success. If they feel they cannot meet the objectives or that the cost (time or effort) is too high, their motivation will decrease. Besides, confidence also provides objectives and prerequisites that help students to estimate the probability of success by presenting pe rformance requirements and evaluation criteria. It allows for small steps of growth during the learning process, provide feedback and support internal attributions for success. Not only learners should feel some tier of control over their learning and assessment, they too should believe that their success is a direct result of the amount of effort they oblige put frontwards (Keller, 1983 and 1987 cited in http//www.learning-theories.com/kellers-arcs-model-of-motivational-design.html.).Confidence in speaking involves ability to speak the fall guy language fluently using the right rules and appropriate choice of words. In speech situation, thinking, listening and speaking go on almost concurrently and people expect feedback on or response to what they reserve verbalize almost as soon as they stop speaking (Chitravelu et.al, 1995). worry of making mistakes is one of the major obstacles that learners devote to overcome in learning speaking because most of the time learners are reluctant to be judged by listeners. Of all the four language skills, speaking skill is probably the one most affected by personality features. Students who are confident and commence experienced success are possible to be more move and more willing to try harder. Therefore, teachers have an important role in building up students confidence to speak by being sensitive, human and encouraging as well as selecting material that is motivating and within the ability of the students (ibid).1.6.5 AttitudesAttitudes refer to a persons route of thinking or picture about somebody or something the way that he or she behaves towards somebody or something actually shows how the person thinks or feels (Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, 7th ed., 2005, p.85). The measuring of language attitudes provides information that is useful in teaching and language planning (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1997 cited in Tareq Mitib, 2009). In this study the EFL learners attitudes towards the Task-based li stening activities will be heedful through the use of a questionnaire which will be developed from the findings from focus group discussions. The questions will comprise of an adaptation of Gardners (1985) Attitude/ Motivation psychometric test Battery (AMTB) and Rossett (1982) Needs abbreviation questionnaire.1.7 Limitation/ DelimitationSince this study will be carried out within a relatively short extremity of time on students with average to good proficiency of English, it would thus be interesting to see if using task-based listening activities on a cut English-proficiency group of EFL students with varying time spent would have a diametrical effect on the results. Thus, this study might not be able to represent the whole FELDA scheme students speaking performance because only devil groups of students from a school will be selected. Further studies need to be conducted in order to seek similarities or differences on this issue.Chapter 2 redirect examination of Literature 2.1 Relationship between listening and speakingSpeech involves communication between people and the rules that apply to all forms of interpersonal behaviour also apply to speaking behaviour (Chitravelu et.al, 1995, p.59). Graham-Marr (2004) mentioned many reasons for focusing in listening and speaking in EFL classroom and one of them is the fact that speaking skills have been found to be a fundamental skill necessary to succeed in life. The ability to speak in the target language has incessantly been associated with the success of learning the language. Before a person can speak the language he learnt, he should first be able to listen and understand the language. Listening should be the first and foremost skill to be acquired in learning a new language because understanding spoken words is prerequisite to speaking, reading and writing and that comprehension should precede reproduction. Listening skill transfers to other skills and promoting listening skills before focusing on oral skills can result in increased second language acquisition. (Cheung, 2010).The alliance of listening and speaking skills was further elaborated by Goss (1982) who claimed that listening is a process of taking what you hear and organizing it into verbal units to which you can apply meaning. utilize to speech processing, listening requires that you structure the sounds that you hear and organize them into words, phrases, sentences, or other linguistic units. Bowen, Madsen and Hilferty (1985) (ibid) defined listening as attending to and interpreting oral language. The student should be able to hear oral speech in English, segment the stream of sounds, group them into lexical and syntactic units (words, phrases, sentences), and understand the message they convey (p. 73).Gary (1975) cited in Ghazali, (2003) said that giving pre-eminence to listening comprehension particularly in the early stages of second language teaching and learning contributes advantages of four antithetic types, namely cognitive, efficiency, utility and effective. As such, Doff (1988) added that speaking skills cannot be developed unless listening skill is also developed. In order to have successful conversation, students must understand what is said to them because later on the ability to understand spoken English may be very important for studying, listening to the radio or understanding foreign visitors. To develop this ability, students need plenty of practice in listening to English spoken at normal speed (p.163).A listening lesson gives students the opportunity to listen to intrinsic speakers conversations if the related materials are well-chosen, and, listening to the target language a apportion can help the students improve in their pronunciation (Gethin and Gunnemark, 1996). Bruton (199714-15) argues that students need to listen to prepare themselves for their future listening. They need to listen in order to know how to produce. The better students understand what they hear, th e better they will take part in spoken interactions. Although students usually face difficulties to understand the language produced by the infixed speakers in the listening activities, teachers have to be creative to tackle the problem by exposing students to more of the materials. At the beginning of the listening activities, teachers help may however be needed to explain to the students what is required from them. However, the dependency on teachers can slowly be eliminated later on when the students are operative on the activities or in their groups.In order to measure the effectiveness of any speaking lesson, students need to be tested. The deuce main aspects of direct procedures for testing speaking according to Nation and Newton (2009) are the way in which the person who is being tested is encouraged to speak and the way in which the speaker performance is assessed. The first procedure can include interviewing, describing something for someone to draw and discussing while the latter can include rating scale, communicative result and assigning marks for the parts of an outcome (p.171).2.2 Task-based Instruction in Language ClassroomIn task-based language teaching (TBLT), program content and focussingal processes are selected with reference to the communicative tasks which learners will (either actually or potentially) need to engage in outside the classroom and also with reference to theoretical and empirical insights into those social and psycholinguistic processes which facilitate language acquisition. Among the features identified by Nunan (1991) for this approach is the emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language, the introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation, the provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language, but also on the learning process itself, an enhancement of the learners own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning and an attempt to link classroom language learning with language activation outside the classroom.According to Brown (2001), Task- based Language Teaching (TBLT) puts tasks at the centre of the methodological focus. The learning process is viewed as a set of communicative tasks that are directly united to the curricular goals they serve. The main characteristics of TBLT according to Ellis (2003) include the natural or naturalistic use of language, learners-centred activities rather than teacher-centred, focus on form and tasks serve as the means for achieving natural use of language. Ellis also claimed that the traditional approach of Present, charge and Produce (PPP) are inadequate. Some critics also supported this and viewed PPP as clearly being teacher-centred and therefore sits uneasily in a more humanistic and learner-centred framework (Harmer, 1988, p.66).Task can be defined in various ways. Nunan (1999) in Bahrami (2010) for example, defined a task as a put of classroom work tha t involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is focused on mobilizing their grammatical fellowship in order to express meaning, and in which the intention is to convey meaning rather than to manipulate form. The task should also have a sense of completeness, able to stand alone as a communicative act in its own right with a beginning, middle and an end. (p. 25).Long (1985a) as cited in Nunan (1991) suggests that a task is nothing more or less than the things people do in everyday life like for examples get shoes, making reservations, finding destinations, and writing cheques. Breen (1987) similarly suggests that a task is any structured language learning endeavour which has a particular objective, appropriate content, a specified working procedure, and a range of outcomes for those who undertake the task. Task is therefore assumed to refer to a range of work plans which have the overall purpose of facilit ating language learning-from the simple and brief exercise type, to more complex and lengthy activities such as group problem- solving or simulations and decision making (p. 23).Prabhu (1987) stands as the first significant person in the development of Task-based instructions in language classrooms. He defines a task as an activity which required learners to arrive at an outcome from attached information through some process of thought, and which allowed teachers to control and regulate that process (cited in Tareq Mitib ,2009). Nunan (1989) further defines a task as a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on meaning rather than form (p.10). He suggests that in all definitions of tasks, one can see communicative language use where the learner focuses on meaning alternatively of linguistic structure.Many people have studied the implementation of Task -based instruction in language classrooms and have advised using tasks in language classrooms because students motivation rises through assigned tasks. On looking at the positive results that the use of tasks may bring about in the EFL classroom, it can be said that using a variety of tasks in class gives positive results (Ruso, 2007). Bahrami (2010) examined the influence of four specific types of task-based activities of matching, form-filling, labelling and selecting on the listening ability of 90 senior EFL learners of Sadra English Institute of Darood .The data for the quasi-experimental study included two task-based tests of listening comprehension and a test of language proficiency. The result shows that there was a significant relationship between the three tasks of matching, labelling and form filling on the other hand and listening comprehension on the other. However, there was no relationship observed for the task of selecting and listening comprehension. In conclusion, n ot only the listening-comprehension skill of the EFL students tended to improve through exposure to task-based input it is also proven to be suitable for students of various levels.Similarly, Tareq Mitib (2009) who also adopted a quasi experimental design to study the effects of Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) on developing speaking skills among the Palestinian Secondary EFL students from two schools in Israel concluded that the method succeeded in improving the students speaking skills and develop students attitude towards English language. It was found that girls speaking skill improved more than the boys when classroom practice was organized and authentic as in the case of TBLT. Boys on the other hand, did better in the conventional teaching situations. Tareq therefore claimed that task-based language teaching can be the solution for the lack of exposure to authentic English as it enabled students to practise using the language through incompatible activities in real world t asks and in a stress cede atmosphere. This finding conforms to Underwood, (1998) Gethin and Gunnemark, (1996) and Kenworthys, (1987) claims, that, exposing students to native speakers of English Language through listening gives them the opportunities to acquire the correct model of English pronunciation which will eventually leads to intelligibility (cited in Ghazali, 2003).Awang and Md. Supie (2011) stated that, one of the main issues in second language learning is ESL learners who are less proficient in the language opt to reverse speaking in English language classes. Some learners might find speaking English in front of the class as very intimidating. In a way it implies that regardless of how many English classes students have attended, if they do not practise the language, they will not be able to improve their communication skills as well as their self-confidence. Both researchers proposed that task-based speaking activities would enable students to communicate easily as the activities are usually conducted in pair work or group work. As such, a study was conducted in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM) on 30 second year students from the Faculty of galvanic Engineering enrolled for the Advanced English for Academic Communication course in semester 2, 2007/2008. A set of questionnaire was designed and distributed to find out the students perspectives on task-based speaking activities in fostering their communication in English. This study also seeks to find out which types of Task-Based Speaking Activities (TBSA) that highly promotes learners communication in English. The types of task-based speaking activities used in the study were problem-solving, information-gap, and sharing personal experience or feelings. Results show that all the 30 participants agreed that task-based speaking activities improved their communication in English because the activities offered opportunities to practise the language. It was also found that students with low level of proficiency in English also participated in the TBSA during English classes and they were not scare by their low level of proficiency. As for the activities, problem-solving is found to be the most preferred type of TBSA that encouraged participation and use of English language.former(a) study related to the use of TBL includes an exploration of the implementation of TBLT in three primary classrooms in Hong Kong by Carless (2001). The subjects of the case study were three womanly English teachers who implemented task-based innovation over a seven months plosive consonant in their primary one and primary two classrooms with children aged cardinal to seven. Results reveal that there was a certain amount of interplay between different issues studied like for example, the more positive the teachers attitude towards TBLT, the more likely she was to take time doing the preparation of the supplementary materials for her class or to allocate time for carrying out activities (cited in Tareq Mitib, 2009).Despites many positive feedbacks of using TBL on EFL and ESL students, there are also evidences of sceptical perceptions on its implementation. One of them is in a case study conducted by In-Jae Jeon and Jung-won Hahn on EFL teachers perceptions on the practice of TBLT in Korean secondary School Classroom in 2005. data were collected through questionnaires from 228 teachers at 38 different middle and high schools in Korea. The overall findings of the survey show that even though absolute majority of the respondents have ahigher level of understanding about TBLT concepts, teachers still retain some fear of adopting TBLT because of perceived disciplinary problems related to classroom practice. Other reason for teachers fear to adopt TBLT is related to their lack of confidence. Hence, much consideration should be given to overcome the potential obstacles such as on the part of the teachers before TBLT can really be successfully implemented.2.3 Theoretical model of TBLTask-based learning (TBL) seems to gain currency since the publication of Jane Willis manikin for Task-Based Learning in 1996. N. Prabhu originally popularizes TBL in early 80s and since then has influenced resultant models of Task Based Teaching such as Willis (1996) who developed a framework for task-based learning. Prabhu (1987) used a task-based approach with secondary school classes in Bangalore, India in his Communicational Teaching Project beginning 1979. Reports on the Bangalore parturiency indicated that a syllabus organized around problem solving tasks and feedback can effectively accomplish and in many ways improve on what a traditional linguistic syllabus provides (cited in Tareq Mitib, 2009, pp. 53). In Framework for Task-Based Learning (1996), Willis proposed a three stages process of carrying out TBL. The stages include pre-task (introduction to offspring and task), task cycle (planning and reporting) and language focus (analysis and practice).The framework ca n be illustrated as belowFRAMEWORK OF TBL (Jane Willis, 1996)PretaskIntroduction to topic and task instruction(Exposure)Task cycleUse expose to tasks (6 tasksTypes), planning (prepare to reportoutcomes), reporting, posttask (optional)Focus on formsLanguage FocusAnalysis learners focus on form,Ask about language featuresPractice teacher conduct activitiesTASK(Introduction to topic/ task)TASK CYCLE(Task /preparation /Report)LANGUAGE FOCUS(Analysis Practice)In the Pre-Task stage, the learners and teachers explore the topic and the teacher may highlight useful words and phrases while helping students to understand the task instructions. The purpose of pre-task is to prepare students to perform the task in ways that will promote acquisition. As for the Task Cycle stage, the students perform the task in pairs or small groups while the teacher monitors or facilitate the lesson from a distance. During this stage students will also plan on how to report or present to the class what they hav e done and how they do it. At the same time teacher should encourage students to communicate in the target language while helping students to prepare w

Threat To India Or Economic Need Of China

menace To India Or Economic Need Of chinawargonI get to etern in ally thought that it is essential, even essential, that these devil countries of Asia, India and chinaw ar, should have fri land uply and, as faraway as possible co-operative transaction. It would be a tragedy, not wholly for India, and peradventure for chinawargon, but for Asia and the whole mankind, if they develop some kind of permanent abhorrence1 Jawahar Lal NehruIndia and mainland chinaw ar have laid the ghost of the 1962 war to rest, and have morose their faces to the future. Prem Shankar JhaINTRODUCTIONFor more than 60 years, Pakistan and India and have been arguing and periodically advance to blows oer one of the most beautiful places in the world i.e. Pakistan represent-aside(p) Kashmir (POK). India, Pakistan and china be in possession of various recrudesces of Jammu Kashmir. chinaware-Pakistan traffic have eer been a matter of c erstrn for India, however imputable to the increase s r estoration of China in POK the matter has worsened further. With front end of an estimated 11,000 soldiers of the Peoples Liberation Army in POK, one can confidently carry ab pop the stimulateing foot-prints of China in POK2. This prompted views among m either Indian armament and political leaders and journalists that Islamabad is handing oer the de-facto bidding of the strategical Gilgit-Baltistan locality of POK to China. Further it is believed that as the years proceed, Pakistan will emerge as an heavy instrument of Chinas force projection into southbound Asia.3With this as background, it is imperative to examine and make Chinas interests and dodge in POK as these organic evolutions hold large significance for Indias bail interests.INDIA CHINA RELATIONSIndia and China are two of the oldest civilizations of the world and in spite of the present economic, political and forces environment and compulsions, these two countries have a long history of friendly dealing. Ho wever, since 1913-14 Shimla Conference, the Sino-Indian b nightspot as part of the issue of Tibets status has been a matter of dispute in relations among the two countries and has resulted in array conflicts. Presently the renewed tensions between the two countries have been dominating diplomacy with issues like Chinas refusal of visa to a top Indian Army General and aggressive Chinese intrusions crossways the LAC.PakistanChinas strategic equation with Pakistan is another issue which is a hindrance to any meaningful make betterment in Indias relations with China. China has been the biggest supplier of military hardware to Pakistan, some of which is made available to Kashmiri militants. The increasing involvement and presence of Chinese soldiers in POK has raised c erstwhilerns in India.EconomicA strategic partnership was announced by China and India in 2005 and two countries have in recent years successfully attempted to light diplomatic and economic ties and consequently, the two countries relations have perplex juxtaposed. Presently, China is Indias largest trading partner and has recently changed its stance on Indias bid shadow at UNSC. This is viewed as beginning of a maturity period in Sino-Indian relations.CHINAS ECONOMIC GROWTHIn 1949, Chinas economic system changed to a communistic system and as Chinas contribution in world craftsmanship has braggart(a) its imembrasureance to the international providence has besides increased. China is the worlds second largest economy after the United States by purchasing power parity and is the worlds fastest-growing economy. poor Regional incrementDeng Xiaoping, orchestrated Chinas reform and opening-up 30 years ago, once said that some areas must get rich before others.4This was referable to the countrys massive outperform, the economic exploitation could not happen all at once across China. Planning and implementation of such an economy would take years, even decades and some areas would inevitab ly be developed before others and thus coastal mannerions of China were the best place to place to start, due to the rude(a) advantage of access to Asian and overseas markets via the Pacific Ocean and second China Sea.5The two areas which benefited most from this economic dodging of China were the Yangtze River Delta region in the East and Pearl River Delta region in the South.6West China the New Economic StoryChinas unequal trans wayation system, combined with differences in the availability of resources (natural and human) and industrial infrastructure has resulted in large variations in the regional economies of China. Although Chinas coastal regions continue to develop, the initial boom has already slowed.7Furthermore, inappropriate investors are beginning to grow weary of the increasing costs of doing business in cities like Shanghai and Shenzhen.8Therefore, now both domestic and international businesses are looking towards the interior of the country, where overhead co sts are lower.Chinas Western region will emerge as the most interesting economic development story of the coming decade. This Western region comprises of 28% of Chinas population and 70% of its landmass and presently it besides accounts for 17% of the countrys gross domestic product, but surely this is set to change for the better.9In 2001, the Chinese government implemented its Western Development Strategy excessively known as the Go West policy. The conception called for large infrastructure development in urban and rural areas. The master(prenominal) components of the strategy take ond the development of infrastructure (transport, hydropower plants, force and telecommunications), enticement of foreign enthronization, increased efforts on ecological protection (such as reforestation), retention of gift flowing to richer provinces and promotion of education.The Western Development Bureau affiliated to the state, had released a list of 10 major projects in 2008, with a comb ined work out of 436 one thousand thousand Yuan which included projects like, new railway lines connecting Guiyang and Guangzhou, Lanzhou and Chongqing, Kashgar and Hotan in Xinjiang highways between Wanyuan and Dazhou in Sichuan Province, Shuikou and Duyun in Guizhou Province and airport expansion projects in Chengdu, Chongqing and Xian.10They alike include twist of hydropower stations, coal mines, natural gas and pet typeum transmission lines and also public utilities projects in the western region.By the end of 2007, China had started 92 key construction projects in Western region, with a total investment of more than 1.3 trillion Yuan. The Big Western Line, also known as the South-North water transfer project, is another project being planned to be at a lower placetaken for diverting water from six rivers in Southwestern China to the ironic areas of Northern China through a system of tunnels, reservoirs and rivers.A gamy growth is already in place in the West, reaching 1 1.9% in the last year. Over the past 10 years, the railway efficiency has increased by 160%, street capacity by 280% and the energy capacity by 550%.11Fixed investment of West was 3,600 billion Yuan and per capita sodding(a) domestic product rose to 1,933 dollars per year in 2008, which is just 41.9% compared to the per capita GDP of East. In early July 2010, China announced fresh investments to the tune of nose candy billion dollars for 23 infrastructure projects to labour rapid and healthy development of western areas.12CHINAS ECONOMIC SECURITYChinas spectacular economic growth is generally responsible for its rising energy demands. While energy production in China sharply increased since 1980, consumption exceeded production by the end of the 1990s and the gap between consumption and production is continuing. Chinas natural gas supply is even more limited than vegetable oil. The IEA 2006, forecasts that Chinas oil import will increase five folds by 2030 from slightly less than 2 MMBD in 2002 to 10 MMBD, when imports will account for 80% of Chinas total oil needs. Moreover, as in the rest of Asia, China will become heavily hooked on the Persian gulf (70% of oil by 2015) for future supplies and its oil will increasingly have to transit a series of undefendable maritime choke points.13The constant and safe importation of oil has become a crucial issue in Chinas energy sector.SINO- PAK ECONOMIC nexusGwadar PortPakistan inaugurated its third deep sea port at Gwadar in 2005 and it became operational in 2008. Work for phase II, at estimated cost of US $ 932 million is in progress for building nine additional berths (including two oil terminals with capacity of 2, 00,000 DWT ships). Other then the economic and military advantages to Pakistan it is important to examine Chinas role and strategic interest in this project.It is widely claimed that at that place is Chinese interest in reaching the blue waters of Arabian Sea.14This is considered to be a stra tegic move by Chinese as they funded US $ 198 million (out of the total Phase I cost of US $ 248 million) and also provided 450 engineers onsite. Towards success of Chinas Go West policy, Gwadar provides access to a port at just 1500 km as compared to the Eastern ports at 3000 km for the products produced in Western China.Gwadar is the ideal transit corridor for China to import oil and gas from Iran and the Persian Gulf. It offers an alternative passageway which is safer and cheaper as compared to the Strait of Malacca, where China faces problems of piracy and is under US sphere of influence. In Oct 2010, Pakistan government also decided to build a connecting gas pipeline from Gwadar to Xinjiang, China.15Official sources indorse that an understanding has already developed at highest levels between Pakistan and China that the Gwadar port is to be taken from the Port of Singapore Authority (prostate specific antigen) and handed over to the Chinese. The port should have gone to the C hinese, who built it largely from their own investment, in the first place, says Baloch nationalist Rauf Khan Sasoli, who accuses former electric chair Pervez Musharraf of giving it to the PSA to please his American masters.16This will result in not only transfer of power at the Gwadar port but will also allow Chinese to build Gwadar as tax-free industrial center, including oil and gas refineries and a network of roads and railways from Gwadar to China through the ancient silk route. An ambitious deal to build railways along the Khunjrab pass has already been sign-language(a) between Pakistan.17There is another thought to this project where Gwadar is considered as the nautical base for the Chinese as part of its String of Pearls strategy and providing defending team to its oil movement as part of energy security. However, China had always denied that Gwadar will be used by Chinese military.Pakistan occupied KashmirThe geopolitics amongst China, Pakistan and India has been under t he influence of development in POK. The building of the Karakorum Highway proved to be a turning point and was instrumental in strengthening the Sino-Pakistan strategic relations. The Karakorum highway was constructed by Chinese engineers and was completed in 1986. It connects Chinas region of Xinjiang with Gilgit-Baltistan. China and Pakistan had signed a deal in 2006 to widen the Karakoram highway by almost 20 meters wherein China had promised US$ 350 million for the project and once the project is completed, the transport capacity of the strategically significant region will increase significantly which will facilitate Chinas free access to the oil-rich Gulf through the Pakistani port ofGwadar.18Thus, it may be visualized that the Gwadar port will be an integral part of Chinas Foreign Trade route in future.In return for Chinese assistance in the building the highway, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakorum Tract to China.19Since then, it has been a constant source of supply of arms, a mmunition and atomic material to Pakistan from China and other countries like North Korea. Apart from this, goods manufacture in China have crept into Pakistan on a massive scale due to this highway.The Sino-Pak collaboration in hydro-power projects in the POK region including controversial Diamer Bhasha occlude on the Indus River is also a matter of concern for India. During Zardaris visit to China in 2009, the two sides signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on construction of a hydro-power station at Bunji, in the Astore district of POK, with the promise to construct the hydro power project (7000 MW) on build, operate and transfer basis, which performer that all the investment ($ 6-7 billion) will be made by Chinese entrepreneurs.20Further, in that respect were agreements for cooperation in fisheries, agriculture, education, dams and investment.China has contributed substantially to the rehabilitation and rebuilding projects in POK after the devastating earthquake of Oct 2005. These investments have helped China strengthen its control over POK. China has also encashed on the deprivation and alienation of concourse in POK both at political and social level. The Karakorum highway has helped in providing the necessary support during the rebuilding and trading opportunities for people of POK.It has been reported that of an estimated 7,000 to 11,000 soldiers of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army are in POK. Many of the PLA soldiers entering Gilgit-Baltistan are expected to work on the railroad and some are extending the Karakoram Highway, others are working on dams, expressways and other projects.In a way, these developments in POK brings out that, since Pakistan Army is unable to handle multiple conflicts, thus it apparently gave the Chinese army de facto control over Gilgit and Baltistan regions. For China, it is a win-win situation, as it stands to gain unbound road and rail access to the Middle East through Pakistan.21The social function of kara korum highway is shown below for better appricaition of the situation and its impoartance for Western Chinas economic growth.Karakoram Highway MapKarakorum HighwayAN ALTERNATE VIEW TO INDO-CHINA RELATIONSChina has eventually moved away from Deng Xiaopings principle of hide your strength, bide your time so as to adopt a more proactive role in international affairs. The transformation that China is currently undergoing is clearly visible. Its changes in the socio-political and legal conditions confirm that the regime has changed away from the label of authoritarianism. The course of making decisions and strategy has slowly become decentralised and actors like media, think tanks, academic institutes/ university and unbidden associations and interest groups constitute major linkages between the government, its mechanism and the governed.22Visit of the Indian External Affairs Minister to China in 1999 marked the recommencement of high-level dialogue. The pin declaration signed during the visit of Indian prize Minister to China in June 2003 stated that China was not a threat to India.23Special representatives were appointed by the China and India in order to provide thrust to border negotiations. India also acknowledged Chinas sovereignty over Tibet and pledged not to allow anti-China political activities in India. On its part, China had acknowledged Indias 1975 annexation of the former monarchy of Sikkim and later rectified official maps to include Sikkim as part of India.24India and China are in the second introduce of exploring the framework of a final package settlement covering all aspects of the India-China boundary dispute, which will be followed by the final stage of word picture and demarcation of boundary.25Convergence of InterestsIndia and China have found substantial lap of interests at the international level wherein they both share similar concerns about(predicate) the growing international dominance of the US, the threat of terrorism disguised as religious and ethnic movements and the need to accord primacy to economic development. Both nations also favour more democratic international economic regimes.26They have strongly resisted efforts by the US and other developed nations to link global heap to labour and environmental standards. China and India put forward a joint Sino-Indian position in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and International wiliness negotiations.Chinas Neutrality Towards Indo- Pak RelationsThere has been a subtle shift in Beijings stance on Pakistan vis--vis India. Chinas neutral position during the Kargil conflict, during Indo-Pak crisis following the terrorist attack on the Indias Parliament and during Mumbai terrorist attack is seen as sincere attempts of Chinas to improve ties. Towards Chinas attempts to project itself as a responsible regional player, it is supporting peace and anti-terrorist efforts in South Asia by cooperating with the India and US. China is also seen to be instrumental in load-bearing(a) Pakistan to negotiate with India by using its linfluence over Pakistan. On, 02 Dec 1996, when Jiang Zemin famously talk over the Pakistani senators to set aside the Kashmir problem and improve their relationship with India, he thereby decisively distanced China from the Kashmir imbroglio.27Bilateral TradeAs India and China have found a distinct convergence of their interests on world stage, they have used it to strengthen their symmetric relations on social, military and economic front. Prime Minister Manmohan Singhs government had made it clear that it favoured closer ties with China and would continue to work towards improving and strengthening bilateral relations with China. Among the most encouraging developments in India-China ties is the rapid increase in bilateral trade. A few years ago, India Inc had a fear of being swamped by Chinese imports, whereas today, it is estimated that the bilateral trade between the two countries will grow by 20 per cent to re ach beyond $60 billion in 2010-11 from the present US $ 50 billion.Political InitiativesChinese postmortem examination Wen Jiabao told Manmohan Singh during the Indian Prime Ministers visit to China in Jan 2008, that there was enough space for China and India and the two leaders re cultivate to promote building of a harmonious world of durable peace and car park prosperity through developing the Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for serenity and Prosperity between the two countries. China and India also cemented a shared out vision for the 21st century by agreeing to raise the annual peck of bilateral trade to $ 60 billion by 2010 and to play role in transforming Asia and the World.In 2009, China and India witnessed frequent high-level interactions. Chinese President Hu Jintao held talks with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at the Shanghai Cooperation transcription (SCO) and the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) summits in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Premier Wen Jiaba o interacted with Manmohan Singh at the East Asia Summit in Thailand and the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference.28CHINAS PRESENCE IN PAKISTAN NOT A flagellum TO INDIAChina and India know that any conflict would have devastating found on both countries, because of the nuclear threat and thus the ability to co-operate and solve disputes through diplomacy is in the interest of both countries. India is continuing to improve its relations with China on the convergence of interests that the two nations have achieved in recent years. In respect to Indo-Chinese cooperation it is noted that while they are rivals, they are not enemies and that they knew how to work together with common interests in mind which is exemplified by their burgeoning trade relationship and the potential to work together on a number of key issues, such as terrorism, drug trafficking, global trade and climate change.29China is presently busy in Xinjiang region stressful to calm the Uighur separatist movement, it i s trying its best to hold Tibet, the military preventive in Taiwan is now a possibility and war of oral communication with Vietnam has already started. Importantly, Indias relations with China are improving with improved bilateral trade, increased political initiatives and military co-operations.Thus, having studied the Chinese need and strategy for development of its Western region, the importance of Gwadar port and POK for the western region and Chinas energy security concerns, it can be confidently stressed that Chinas presence in Pakistan is not a threat to India but is the economic need of China.